Flaccus

• a Roman surname; cf.: aures homini tantum immobiles: ab iis Flaccorum cognomina, Plin. 11, 37, 50, § 136; esp. freq. in the gens Valeria, Cornelia, and Horatia; e. g. si quid in Flacco viri est, i. e. in Q. Horatio, Hor. Epod. 15, 12.—
• • B Transf., the writings of Horace: stabunt pueri, cum totus decolor esset Flaccus, Juv. 7, 227.—
• II Deriv.: Flaccĭā-nus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to a Flaccus, Flaccian: area, Val. Max. 6, 3, 1.

was an intimate friend of Cicero's, and had two sons, C. Avianus, and M. Avianus. (Cic. Fam. 13.35, 79.) Both father and sons seem to have been engaged in the farming of the public taxes. In B. C. 52, Cicero recommended Caius, the son, to T. Titius, one of Pompey's legates, who had the management of the corn-market, in accordance with the law which had conferred the superintendence of it upon Pompey (ad Fam. 13.75), and, B. C. 47, Cicero recommends both sons to A. Allienus, the proconsul of Sicily (ad Fam. 13.79).

a rhetorician who was living in the reign of Hadrian. Works Declamations

His fifty-one declamations frequently accompany those of Quintilian. Editions

They were first published by Pithoeus, Lutet. 1580. 8vo.; and subsequently have been edited with Quintilian by Gronovius, Schulting, Almeloveen, &c. Sources

Pliny (Plin. Ep. 5.2.) writes to Flaccus, who, in some editions, is called Calpurnius Flaccus. [W.B.D]

1. M. Fulvius Flaccus, Q. F. M. N., was consul with App. Claudius Caudex, in B. C. 264, the year in which the first Punic war broke out. In his consulship the first gladiatorial games were exhibited at Rome, in the forum barium. (Vell. 1.12; Gel. 17.21; V. Max. 2.4.7; Entrop. 2.10; Oros. 4.7, who erroneously calls the colleague of App. Claudius Caudex, Q. Fabius.)

2. Q. Fulvius Flaccus, M. F. Q. N., a son of No. 1, was consul in B. C. 237. He and his colleague, L. Cornelius Lentulus, fought against the Ligurians in Italy, and triumphed over them. In B. C. 224 he was consul a second time. The war in the north of Italy was still going on, and Flaccus and his colleague were the first Roman generals that led their armies across the river Po. The Gauls and Insubrians were reduced to submission in that campaign. In B. C. 215, after having been twice consul, Q. Fulvius Flaccus obtained the city praetorship, a circumstance which Livy thinks worth being recorded. The year before his praetorship, 216, he had been elected pontifex in the place of Q. Aelius Paetus, who had fallen in the battle of Cannae. In his praetorship the senate placed twenty-four ships at his command, to protect the coast in the neighbourhood of the city, and soon after the senate decreed that he should raise 5000 foot and 400 horse, and cause this legion to be carried to Sardinia as soon as possible, and that he should appoint whomsoever he pleased as its commander, until Q. Mucius, who was severely ill, recovered. Flaccus accordingly appointed T. Manlius Torquatus commander of the legion. In B. C. 214 he was the only one among his colleagues that was re-elected to the praetorship, and a senatus consultum ordained, that he, extra ordinem, should have the city for his province, and that he should have the command there during the absence of the consuls. In B. C. 213 he was appointed magister equitum to the dictator, C. Claudius Centho, and the year after was raised to the consulship for the third time, together with App. Claudius Pulcher. In this year he was also a candidate for the office of pontifex maximus, which, however, he did not obtain. During his third consulship Campania was his province; and he accordingly went thither with his army, took up his position at Beneventum, and thence made an unexpected attack upon the camp of Hanno in the neighbourhood. After some very extraordinary but unsuccessful attempts to take the camp, which was pitched upon an almost inaccessible eminence, Flaccus proposed to withdraw until the next day, but the undaunted courage of his soldiers, and their indignation at his proposal, obliged him to continue his attack. Having been joined by his colleague, App. Claudius Pulcher, the enemy's camp was taken by assault. A great massacre then took place, in which upwards of 6000 Carthaginians are said to have been killed, and more than 7000 were taken prisoners, with all that the camp contained. The two consuls then returned to Beneventum, where they sold the booty, and distributed the proceeds among those who had distinguished themselves during the attack upon Hanno's camp. Hanno, who had not been in the camp at the time when it was taken, found it necessary to withdraw into the country of the Bruttians.

Hereupon the two consuls marched against Capua, which was now besieged with the greatest vigour. In the next year, when Cn. Fulvius Centumalus and P. Sulpicius Galba were consuls, the imperium of Fulvius Flaccus and App. Claudius was prolonged : they retained their army, and were ordered not to leave Capua till it was taken. As, however, Hannibal in the meantime marched against Rome, the senate called Fulvius Flaccus back to protect the city, and for this purpose he received the same power as the actual consuls. But after Hannibal's sudden retreat, Flaccus returned to Capua, and continued the siege with the utmost exertion. The inhabitants of Capua were reduced to the last extremity, and resolved to surrender ; but before the gates were opened the most distinguished persons put an end to their lives. The fearful catastrophe of this once flourishing town, the cruel punishment of the Campanians, the execution of all the surviving senators, and the other arrangements, such as could be dictated only by the most implacable hatred and hostility, must be set down to the account of Q. Fulvius Flaccus. Towards the end of the year he had to return to Rome, where he conducted, as dictator, the consular elections. He himself received Capua as his province for another year, but his two legions were reduced to one. In 209 he was invested with the consulship for the fourth time, and received Lucania and Bruttium as his province: the Hirpinians, Lucanians, and Volcentians submitted to him, and were mildly treated. For the year following his imperium was again prolonged, with Capua for his province and one legion at his command. In 207 he commanded two legions at Bruttium. This is the last record we have of him in history. He was a very fortunate and successful general during the latter period of the second Punic war, but his memory is branded with the cruelty with which he treated Capua after its fall. (Liv. 23.21_34, 24.9, 25.2, &c., 13, &c., 20, 26.1, &c., 8, &c., 22, 28, 27.6, &c., 11, 15, 22, 36; Eutrop. 3.1, &c.; Zonar. 8.18, &c.; Plb. 2.31 ; Oros. 4.13, &c.; Appian, Annib. 37, 40, &c. ; V. Max. 2.3.3, 8.4, 3.2. Ext. § 1, 8.1, 5.2.1; Cic. de Leg. Agr. 2.33.)

3. Cn. Fulvius Flaccus, M. F. Q. N., a son of No. 1, and a brother of No. 2, was praetor in the third consulship of his brother B. C. 212, and had Apulia for his province. In the neighbourhood of Herdonea he was defeated by Hannibal, and was the first that took to flight with about 200 horsemen. The rest of his army was cut to pieces, for out of 22,000 men only 2000 escaped. C. Sempronius Blaesus afterwards charged him before the people with having lost his army through his own want of caution and prudence. Flaccus at first endeavoured to throw the fault upon the soldiers, but further discussion and investigation proved that he had behaved cowardly. He then tried to obtain the assistance of his brother, who was then in the height of his glory and engaged in the siege of Capua. But nothing availed; and, as he had to expect the severest punishment from a trial, he went to Tarquinii into voluntary exile. (Liv. 25.3, 21, 26.2, 3.) According to Valerius Maximus (2.8.3, comp. 8.4.3), he refused the honour of a triumph; but this must be a mistake, at least we do not know on what occasion it could have happened.

4. C. Fulvius Flaccus, M. F. Q. N., a son of No. 1, and a brother of No. 2 and 3, served as legate under his brother Quintus during the siege of Capua. In B. C. 209 he was ordered to conduct a detachment of troops into Etruria, and bring back to Rome the legions which had been stationed there. (Liv. 26.33, 27.8.)

5. Q. Fulvius Flaccus, Q. F. M. N., one of the four sons of Q. Fulvius Flaccus No. 2. In B. C. 185 he was aedilis curulis designatus; and as the city praetor, C. Decimus, had just died, he offered himself as a candidate for his place, but without success, notwithstanding his great exertions, and it was not till B. C. 182, that he received the office of praetor, with Hispania Citerior as his province. On his arrival there, he expelled the Celtiberians, who were in possession of the town of Urbicua, which he took, and soon after he defeated the Celtiberians in a great battle, in which 23,000 of them are said to have been slain and 4000 taken prisoners. After the reduction of the town of Contrebia he gained a second great victory over the Celtiberians, whereupon the greater part of them submitted to the Romans. At the end of the year of his praetorship, when he was returning from his province, he was allowed to take with him to Rome those soldiers who had most distinguished themselves in the great battles he had gained, and public thanksgivings were decreed at Rome for his successful campaign. But when he set out for Italy, the Celtiberians, who probably thought that he was going to carry out some hostile scheme against them, attacked him in a narrow defile. Notwithstanding his disadvantageous position, he again gained a complete victory, the merit of which was chiefly owing to his cavalry. The Celtiberians, after having lost no less than 17,000 of their men, took to flight. Fulvius Flaccus vowed games in honour of Jupiter, and to build a temple to Fortuna equestris, and then returned to Italy. He celebrated his victories with a triumph in B. C. 180, and was elected consul for the year following, together with his brother, L. Manlius Acidinus Fulvianus (this name arose from his being adopted into the family of Manlius Acidinus). The games in honour of Jupiter were sanctioned by the senate and celebrated. He carried on a war against the Ligurians, who were defeated, and whose camp was taken. On his return to Rome, he celebrated a second triumph on the same day on which the year before he had triumphed over the Celtiberians. In B. C. 174 he was made censor, with A. Postumius Albinus. In his censorship, his own brother, Cn. Fulvius Flaccus, was ejected from the senate, and (Q. Fulvius Flaccus now set about building the temple which he had vowed in Spain, and which was to be more magnificent than any other at Rome. For this purpose he took down half the roof of the temple of Juno Lacinia, in Bruttium, in order to use the marble slabs to form the roof of his new structure. The Bruttians suffered the sacrilege from fear; but when the ship containing the marble arrived at Rome, the manner in which the ornament had been obtained became known. The consuls summoned him before the senate, which not only disapproved of his conduct, but ordered the marble slabs to be sent back, and expiatory sacrifices to be offered to Juno. The commands of the senate were obeyed, but as there was no architect in Bruttium able to restore the marble slabs to their place, they were deposited in the area of the temple, and there they remained. After his censorship Q. Fulvius Flaccus became a member of the college of pontiffs; but he began to show symptoms of mental derangement, which was looked upon by the people as a just punishment for the sacrilege he had committed against the temple of Juno. While in this condition, he received intelligence that of his two sons who were serving in Illyricum, one had died, and the other was dangerously ill. This appears to have upset his mind completely, and he hung himself in his own bedchamber, B. C. 173. (Liv. 39.39, 56, 40.1, 16, 30, &c., 35-44, 53, 59, 41.27, 42.3, 28 ; Veil. Pat. 1.10, 2.8; Appian, App. Hisp. 42; V. Max. 1.1.20, 2.5.7; Cic. in Verr. 1.41.)

6. M. Fulvius Flaccus, Q. F. M. N., a brother of No. 5, served as legate of his brother Quintus in Spain against the Celtiberians, B. C. 182. (Liv. 40.30.)

7. M. Fulvius Flaccus, M. F. Q. N., a son of No. 6, and a friend of the Gracchi, was consul in B. C. 125, and was sent to the assistance of the Massilians, whose territory was invaded by the Salluvians ; and he was the first that subdued the transalpine Ligurians, over whom he celebrated a triumph. After the death of Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, in B. C. 129, he, Carbo, and C. Sempronius Gracchus had been appointed triumvirs agro dividendo. He was a warm supporter of all that C. Gracchus did, especially of his agrarian law; but he seems to have been wanting in that dignified and quiet, but steady conduct, which characterises the pure and virtuous career of C. Gracchus, who was more injured in public opinion than benefited by his friendship with M. Fulvius Flaccus; for among other charges which were brought against him, it was said that he endeavoured to excite the Italian allies, by bringing forward in his consulship a bill to grant them the Roman franchise. In B. C. 122, he accompanied C. Gracchus into Africa to establish a colony at Carthage, for the senate was anxious to get rid of them, and in their absence to make energetic preparations against them. But both returned to Rome very soon. During the night previous to the murder of C. Gracchus, Flaccus kept a mob ready to fight against the senatorial party, and spent the night in drinking and feasting with his friends. At day-break he went with his armed band to seize the Aventine hill. C. Gracchus also joined them, though refusing to use violence, and prevailed upon Flaccus to send his younger son to the forum to offer the hand for reconciliation to the senatorial party. Opimius refused, and demanded that his father and Gracchus should surrender before any negotiations were commenced. Flaccus again sent his son; but Opimius, anxious to begin the fight, arrested the boy, put him into prison, and advanced against the band of Flaccus, which was soon dispersed. Flaccus and his elder son took refuge in a public bath, where they were soon discovered and put to death, B. C. 121. It cannot be said that M. Fulvius Flaccus had any bad motive in joining the party of the Gracchi, for all the charges that were brought against him at the time were not established by evidence; but he was of a bolder and more determined character than C. Gracchus. Cicero mentions him among the orators of the time, but states that he did not rise above mediocrity, although his orations were still extant in the time of Cicero. A daughter of his, Fulvia, was married to P. Lentulus, by whom she became the mother of Lentulus Sura. Cicero (pro Dom. 43) calls him the father-in-law of a brother of Q. Catulus, whence we may infer that he had a second daughter. A third daughter was married to L. Caesar, consul in B. C. 91; so that M. Fulvius Flaccus was the grandfather of L. Caesar, who was consul in B. C. 64. (Liv. Epit. 59, 61; Appian, App. BC 1.18, &c.; Plut. Tib. Gracch. 18, C. Gracch. 10-16 ; Veil. Pat. 2.6; Cic. Brut. 28, de Orat. 2.70, in Cat. 1.2, 12, 4.6; Schol. Gronov. ad Catil. p. 413 ; Cic. pro Dom. 38, Phil. 8.4; V. Max. 5.3.2, 6.3.1, 9.5.1; comp. Meyer, Frag. Orat. Rom. p. 219, 2d edit.)

8. M. Fulvius Flaccus was one of the Decemviri Agro Samniti Appuloque metiendo dividendoque, who were appointed in B. C. 201. He was married to Sulpicia, a daughter of Paterculus. (Liv. 31.4; Solin. 7.)

9. Q. Fulvius Flaccus was praetor in Sardinia in B. C. 187; and after having been thrice a candidate for the consulship, he obtained it at length in B. C. 180, in the place of his step-father, C. Piso, who had died, and was said to have been poisoned by his wife Quarta Hostilia, in order to make room for her son. (Liv. 38.42, 40.37.)

10. M. Fulvius Flaccus, one of the triumvirs who were appointed to conduct the colonies to Pollentia and Pisaurum, in B. C. 184. (Liv. 39.44.)

11. Ser. Fulvius Flaccus, was consul in B. C. 135, and subdued the Vardaeans in Illyricum. Cicero calls him a literary and eloquent man. He was on one occasion accused of incest, and was defended by C. Curio. (Liv. Epit. 56; Appian, App. Ill. 10; Cic. Brut. 21, 32, de Invent. 1.43 ; Schol. Bob. in Clod. p. 330, ed. Orelli.)

12. C. Fulvius Flaccus was consul in B. C. 134. An unsuccessful war had then been carried on for some time against the revolted slaves under Ennus in Sicily; and he and his colleague undertook the command, though apparently with little success. (Liv. Epit. 56; Oros. 5.6.) [L.S]

as we learn from Paulus (Dig. 50. tit. 16. s. 144) wrote a book, De Jure Papiriano, which was a collection of the laws of the ancient kings of Rome, made by Papirius [Papirius]. Granius Flaccus was a contemporary of Julius Caesar, and Censorinus (De Die Nat. 3) cites his work De Indigitamentis, which was dedicated to Caesar. The Indigitamenta treated of were probably invocations used in certain sacred rites. (Macr. 1.17), and, according to some etymologists, the word is derived from Indu, the old form for in, and citare, signifying to invoke. (Duker, de Vet. Ict. Latin. p. 156.) It is not unlikely that Paulus and Censorinus refer to the same work of Granius, under different names, for the religious laws of the kings doubtless remained longest in use; and Papirius, who was himself a pontiff, is said by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (3.36) to have collected the sacred laws after the expulsion of the kings. Religious ceremonies, in the early period of Roman history, may well be supposed to have constituted a large portion of the technical law, and to have been connected with the principal transactions of life.

Servius (Serv. ad Aen. 12.836) cites a lex Papiria, and Macrobius (Macr. 3.11) cites a passage of the Jus Papirianum, which, from the Latinity, may reasonably be ascribed to Granius Flaccus. The passage points out the distinction between temple furniture and temple ornaments, and shows that to the former class belongs the consecrated table (" mensa, in qua epulae, libationesque, et stipes reponuntur ") which is used as an altar (" in templo arae usum obtinet"). P. P. Justi, with much probability (Specim. Observ. Crit. 100.11, Vindob. 1765), attributes to Flaccus (Granius, not the grammarian Verrius Flaccus,) a religious fragment which the ordinary text of Servius (Serv. ad Aen. 12.233) ascribes to an unknown Elaus. Other fragments of Granius are preserved by Festus (s. v. Ricae), Macrobius (Macr. 1.18), Arnobius (Adv. Gentes, iii. p. 69, 72, ed. Elmenhorst), and Priscian (Ars Gram. viii. p. 793, ed. Putsch).

Granius Flaccus is not to be confounded with Granius Licinianus, who is cited by Servius (Serv. ad Aen. 1.732), and Macrobius (Macr. 1.16). (Ludov. Carrio, Emendat. 1.4; Maiansius, ad XXX Ictorum Frag. Comment. vol. ii. p. 129-141 ; Dirksen, Bruchstücke, &c. p. 61.) [J.T.G]

[Horatius.]

was consular legate of the army of Upper Germany at the time of Nero's death (A. D. 68). He was despised by his army, for he was old, a cripple, without firmness, and without influence. When his soldiers renounced allegiance to Galba (Jan. 1. 69 A. D.), he had not the courage to oppose them, though he did not share in their treason. He was left in command of the left bank of the Rhine by Vitellius, when the latter marched to Italy; but he delayed the march of the forces which Vitellius sent for from the Germanies, partly through fear of the insurrection of the Batavians, which soon after broke out, and partly because in his heart he favoured Vespasian. He even requested Civilis to assist in retaining the legions, by pretending to raise a rebellion among the Batavians; which Civilis did, not in pretence, but in earnest. [Civilis.] Flaccus took no notice of the first movements of the Batavians, but their success soon compelled him to make at least a show of opposition, and he sent against them his legate, Mummius Lupercus, who was defeated. By the proofs he gave of his unwillingness or inability to put down the insurrection, and by receiving a letter from Vespasian, he exasperated his soldiers, who compelled him to give up the command to Vocula. Shortly afterwards, in a fresh mutiny during the absence of Vocula, he was accused of treachery by Herennius Gallus, and, as it seems, was bound by the soldiers, but he was released again by Vocula. He still however retained sufficient influence to persuade the army to take the oath to Vespasian, when the news arrived of the battle of Cremona. But the soldiers were still mutinous; and on the arrival of two fresh legions, they demanded a donative out of some money which they knew had been sent by Vespasian. Hordeonius yielded to the demand : the money was spent in feasting and drinking; the soldiers, thus excited, recalled to mind their old quarrel with Hordeonius, and, in the middle of the night, they dragged him from his bed and killed him. (Tac. Hist. 1.9, 52, 54. 56, 2.57, 97, 4.13, 18, 19, 24, 25, 27, 31, 36, 55, 5.26; Plut. Galba, 10, 18, 22.) [P.S]

one of the conspirators against Q. Cassius Longinus, praetor of Hispania Ulterior, B. C. 48. Munatius Flaccus commenced the attack upon Cassius Longinus by killing one of the lictors and wounding the legate, Q. Cassius. Like all the persons involved in that conspiracy, Flaccus was not a Roman, but an Italian. (Hirt. Bell. Alex. 52) [L.S]

1. C. Norbanus Flaccus. In B. C. 42 he and Decidius Saxa were sent by Octavian and Antony with eight legions into Macedonia, and thence they proceeded to Philippi to operate against Brutus and Cassius. They encamped in the neighbourhood of Philippi, and occupied a position which prevented the republicans advancing any further. By a stratagem of Brutus and Cassius, Norbanus was led to quit his position, but he discovered his mistake in time to recover his former position. The republicans advancing by another and longer road, Norbanus withdrew with his army towards Amphipolis, and the republicans, without pursuing Norbanus, encamped near Philippi. When Antony arrived, he was glad to find that Amphipolis was secured, and having strengthened its garrison under Norbanus, he proceeded to Philippi. In B. C. 38, C. Norbanus Flaccus was consul with App. Claudius Pulcher. The C. Norbanus Flaccus, who was consul B. C. 24 with Octavian, was probably a son of the one here spoken of. (Appian, App. BC 4.87, 103, &c., 106, &c.; D. C. 38.43, 47.35, 49.23, 53.28; Plut. Brut. 38.)

2. C. Norbanus Flaccus, was consul in A. D. 15, the birth year of Vitellius. (Tac. Ann. 1.54 ; Suet. Vit. 3.) [L.S]

[Persius.]

1. L. Pomponius Flaccus, was consul in A. D. 17, and in A. D. 51 he was legate in Upper Germany, and fought successfully against the Chatti, for which he was honoured with the ensigns of a triumph. Tacitus says that his fame as a general was not very great, and that it was eclipsed by his renown as a poet. (Tac. Ann. 2.41, 12.27, 28.)

2. Pomponius Flaccus, was appointed in A. D. 19 by Tiberius to undertake the administration of Moesia, and to operate against king Rhascupolis, who had killed Cotys, his brother and colleague in the kingdom. Velleius (2.129) gives him very high praise; saying that he was a vir natus ad omnia quae recte facienda sunt, simplicique virtute merens semper, non captans gloriam. He was, however, a friend of Tiberius, with whom, on one occasion, he spent one whole night and two days in uninterrupted drinking. (Suet. Tib. 42.) He died in A. D. 34, as propractor of Syria, where he had been for many years. (Tac. Ann 2.32, 6.27.) Velleius calls him a consular, whence some writers are of opinion that he is the same as L. Pomponius Flaccus, but this opinion is irreconcileable with chronology. (Comp. Ov. ex Pont. 4.9. 75; Masson, Vit. Ovid. ad ann. 769.) [L.S]

known only from a coin, which is given below. The obverse bears the head of Pallas with Flac.; the reverse, Victory in a biga, with L. Rvtill.

an author of whom some fragments are preserved in the collection of Agrimensores. [Frontinus.] He was an agrimensor by profession, and probably lived shortly after the reign of Nerva. (Fabric. Bibl. Lat. vol. iii. p. 512, ed. Ernesti.) Of the particulars of his life nothing certain is known, and there is no proof that, as Barthius supposed, he was a Christian. In some manuscripts he is named Saeculus Flaccus, but this variation seems to be merely a corrupt spelling. Works De Conditionibus Agrorum

He wrote a treatise entitled De Conditionibus Agrorum, of which the commencement, perhaps curtailed and interpolated, is preserved in the collection of Agrimensores. It displays considerable legal knowledge, and contains much interesting information. It treats of the distinctions between coloniae, municipia, and praefecturae, between eager occupatorius and ager arcifinius, &c.; and of the distinctions in the mode of limitatio corresponding to distinctions in the condition of the land.

It is confined to land in Italy. Goesius thinks that the author also wrote on land out of Italy, and that the fragment we possess ought to be entitled De Conditionibus Agrorum Italiae. From the two parts of the work of Siculus Flaccus, and from some similar work of Frontinus, he supposes that the treatise De Coloniis (Rei Agrariae Auctores, p. 102, Goes.) was chiefly compiled, since that compilation cites a Liber Conditionum Italiae, and is ascribed in some manuscripts to the hybrid Julius Frontinus Siculus.

Some fragments of the same, or of a very similar work, have found their way, probably by an accidental transposition of leaves, into the so-called Liber Simplici (pp. 76, 86, 87, Goes.), which is supposed by modern critics to be a compilation of Aggenus Urbicus.

A similar transposition has happened in another instance. A treatise De Controversiis Agrorum, not unlike (although inferior to) the treatise of Frontinus on the same subject, was first published by Blame in the Rheinisches Museum für Jurisprudenz, vol. v. pp. 142-170. In this treatise, in the midst of the Controversia de Fine, is a long passage of Siculus Flaccus, interpolated from the fragment De Conditionibus Agrorum (from ergo ut dixi, p. 4, to viae saepe necessariae, p. 9, Goes.). The whole treatise in which this interpolation occurs was attributed by Rudorff to Siculus Flaccus ; but Blume, in conformity with the statement of the Codex Arcerianus. assigns it to Hyginus. Nomina Agrorum and Nomina Limitum.

The fragment De Conditionibus Agrorum is followed (p. 26, Goes.) by two lists of different kinds of agri and limites, entitled respectively Nomina Agrorum and Nomina Limitum. These are probably the work of some subsequent compiler. Editions

The remains of Siculus Flaccus may be found in the collections of the Agrimensores by Turnebus (4to. Paris, 1554), Rigaltius (4to. Lutet. 1614), Goesius (4to. Amst. 1674), and C. Giraud (8vo. Paris, 1843). A separate edition of the fragment De Conditionibus Agrorum was published by J. C. Schwarzius (4to. Coburg, 1711). [J.T.G]

(Στατύλλιος Φλάκκος), the author of some epigrams in the Greek Anthology, of whom we know nothing, except what his name implies, that he was a Roman. There are eight epigrams under his name, and also one with the superscription Τυλλίου Φλάκκου, and three inscribed simply, Φλάκκου (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 262; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. ii. p. 238, vol. xiii . p. 955; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. p. 495.) [P.S]

was magister equitum to the dictator, L. Quintius Cincinnatus, in B. C. 458. Although he belonged to a patrician gens, he was very poor, but was a distinguished warrior. (Liv. 3.27; Dionys. A. R. 10.24.) [L.S]

a writer of mimes, whose age and history are both unknown. A trochaic tetrameter verse from a mimus entitled Melaene, is the only relic of his poems. It is cited under the word "Capularem," by Fulgentius. (Exposit. ant. Serm. p. 564, Nonii Mercer ; Bothe, Poet. Scen. Lat. vol. v. p. 273.) [W.B.D]

1. L. Valerius Flaccus, was magister equitum to the dictator, M. Aemilius Papus, in B. C. 321. (Liv. 9.7.)

2. L. Valerius Flaccus, M. F. L. N., was consul in B. C. 261, with T. Otacilius Crassus, and carried on the war in Sicily against the Carthaginians with little success. (Plb. 1.20.)

3. P. Valerius Flaccus, L. F. M. N., son of No. 2, was consul in B. C. 227, the year in which the number of praetors was raised to four. (Gel. 4.3; Liv. Epit. 20.)

4. P. Valerius Flaccus, was sent in B. C. 218, with Q. Baebius Tamphilus, as ambassador to Spain to remonstrate with Hannibal for attacking Saguntum, and thence proceeded to Carthage to announce the intention of the Romans. if Hannibal should not be checked in his proceedings. In B. C. 215 he commanded as legate a detachment of troops, under the consul. M. Claudius Marcellus, at Nola, and distinguished himself in the battle fought there against Hannibal. Shortly after we find him commanding a Roman squadron of 25 sail off the coast of Calabria, where he discovered the embassy which Hannibal sent to Philip of Macedonia, and got possession of letters and documents containing the terms of the treaty between Hannibal and the king. His fleet was increased in consequence, and he was ordered not only to protect the coast of Italy, but also to watch the proceedings of Macedonia. During the siege of Capua, when Hannibal marched towards Rome, Flaccus gave the prudent advice not to withdraw all the troops from Capua, and his opinion was adopted. (Liv. 21.6, 23.16, 34, 38, xxvi, 8; Cic. Philipp. 5.10.)

5. Valerius Flaccus, served as tribune of the soldiers under the consul Q. Fulvius Flaccus, in B. C. 212, and distinguished himself by his bravery and boldness during the attack on the camp of Hanno near Beneventum (Liv. 25.14).

6. C Valerius. Flaccus, P. F. L. N., was inaugurated as flamen Dialis, in B. C. 209, against his own will, by the pontifex maximus, P. Licinius. He was a young man of a wanton and dissolute character, and for this reason shunned by his own relatives; but after his appointment to the priesthood, his conduct altered so much for the better, and his watchfulness and care in the performance of his duties were so great, that he was admitted into the senate. In B. C. 199 he was created curule aedile; but being flamen dialis, he could not take the official oath, and his brother, L. Valerius Flaccus (No. 7), who was then praetor designatus, took it for him. (Liv. 27.8, 31.50, 32.7.)

7. L. Valerius Flaccus, P. F. L. N., a brother of No. 6, was curule aedile in B. C. 201, and in the year following he was elected praetor, and received Sicily as his province. In B. C. 195 he was made pontifex, in the place of M. Cornelius Cethegus. In the same year he was invested with the consulship, together with M. Porcius Cato, and received Italy for his province. During the summer he carried on the war against the Boians, and defeated them ; 8000 of them were slain, and the rest dispersed in their villages. Flaccus afterwards spent his time on the banks of the Po, at Placentia and Cremona, being occupied in restoring what had been destroyed by war. He remained in the north of Italy also in the year B. C. 194, as proconsul, and in the neighbourhood of Milan lie fought with great success against the Gauls, Insubrians, and Boians, who had crossed the Po under their chief, Dorulacus: 10,000 enemies are said to have been killed. In B. C. 191, although a consular, he served as legate under the consul, M'. Acilius Glabrio, in the war against the Aetolians and Macedonians. With 2000 picked foot soldiers, he was ordered to occupy Rhoduntia and Tichius. The Macedonians, by a mistake, approached his camp too closely, and, on discovering the enemy, they took to flight in the greatest disorder. Flaccus pursued them, and made great havoc among them. In B. C. 184 he was the colleague of M. Porcius Cato in the censorship, and in the same year he was made princeps senatus. He died as pontifex in B. C. 180, and was succeeded by Q. Fabius Labeo. (Liv. 31.4, 49, 50, 32.1, 33.42, 43, 34.21, 46, 36.17, 19, 39.40, &c., 52, 40.42; Plb. 20.9, &c.; Plut. Cat. Ma. 12; Nep. Cat. 2 ; Oros. 4.20.)

8. L. Valerius Flaccus, a son of No. 4, one of the triumvirs appointed to conduct 6000 families as colonists to Placentia and Cremona, in B. C. 190, those places having become almost deserted by the late war. (Liv. 37.46.)

9. L. Valerius Flaccus, was consul in B. C. 152, but died during his magistracy. (J. Obseq. 77.)

10. L. Valerius Flaccus, was flamen Martialis, and received the consulship in B. C. 131, with P. Licinius Crassus, then pontifex maximus. Flaccus wished to undertake the command in the war against Aristonicus in Asia, but his colleague fined him for deserting the sacra entrusted to his care. The people, before whom the question was brought for decision, cancelled the fine, but compelled the flamen Flaccus to obey the pontiff Crassus. (Cic. Phil. 11.8.) He may possibly be the same as the one whose quaestor, M. Aemilius Scaurus, wanted to bring an accusation against him (Cic. Divin. in Caec. 19), though it is uncertain whether Scaurus was quaestor in the praetorship or consulship of Flaccus.

11. L. Valerius Flaccus, probably a son of No. 10, and the father of L. Valerius Flaccus, whom Cicero defended. [See No. 15.] When he was curule aedile, the tribune, Decianus, brought an accusation against him. In B. C. 100 he was the colleague of C. Marius, in his sixth consulship. During the disturbances of L. Appuleius Saturninus, the consuls were ordered by the senate to avail themselves of the assistance of the tribunes and praetors, for the purpose of maintaining the dignity of the republic. In consequence of this, Valerius Flaccus put to death Saturninus, Glaucia, and others of the revolutionary party. Four years after these occurrences, B. C. 97, he was censor with M. Antonius, the orator. In B. C. 86, when Marius had died, in his seventh consulship, L. Valerius Flaccus was chosen by Cinna as his colleague, in the place of Marius, and received the commission to go into Asia, to resist Sulla, and to bring the war against Mithridates to a close. He was accompanied on this expedition by C. Flavius Fimbria. Flaccus was avaricious, and very cruel in his punishments, whence he was so unpopular with the soldiers, that many of them deserted to Sulla, and the rest were kept together only by the influence of Fimbria, who, taking advantage of the state of affairs, played the part of an indulgent commander, and won the favour of the soldiers. While yet at Byzantium, Fimbria had a quarrel with the quaestor, and the consul, Flaccus, being chosen as arbiter, decided in favour of the quaestor. Fimbria was so indignant, that he threatened to return to Rome, whereupon Flaccus dismissed him from his service. While the latter was sailing to Chalcedon, Fimbria, who had remained at Byzantium, created a mutiny among the soldiers; Flaccus, on being informed of it, hastily returned to chastise the offender, but was compelled to take to flight. He reached Nicomedeia, and shut the gates against his pursuer, but Fimbria had him dragged forth, and murdered him : his head was thrown into the sea, and his body was left unburied. Most authorities place the murder of Flaccus in the year of his consulship, B. C. 86, but Velleius (2.23, 24) places it a year later. At the beginning of his consulship, Flaccus had carried a law, by which it was decreed that debts should be cancelled, and only a quadrans be paid to the creditors, and his violent death was regarded as a just punishment for his iniquitous law. (Liv. Epil. 82; Appian, App. Mith. 8.51, &c., Bell. Civ. 1.75 ; Plut. Sull. 33; Oros. 6.2; Cic. pro Flacc. 23, 25, 32, pro Rabir. perd. 7, 10, in Cat. 1.2, Brut. 62; V. Max. 2.9.5; Dio Cass. Fragm. Peir. No. 127, p. 51, ed. Reimar.) It was probably this Valerius Flaccus who levied the legions which were called, after him, Valerianae, and which are mentioned in the war of Lucullus against Mithridates. (Liv. Epit. 98; D. C. 35.14, 15, 16, 36.29; Sail. Hist. v.)

12. L. Valerius Flaccus. When Sulla entered Rome, after the defeat of his enemies, he ordered the senate to appoint an interrex : the choice fell upon L. Valerius Flaccus, who immediately brought forward and carried a law that Sulla should be invested with the supreme power (the dictatorship) for an indefinite number of years, and that all the arrangements he had previously made should be sanctioned, and binding as laws. Sulla, on entering upon the dictatorship, made Flaccus his magister equitum. (Plut. Sulla, 33; Appian, App. BC 1.97, &c.; Cic. de Leg. Agr. 3.2, ad Att. 8.3; Schol. Gronov. ad Roscian. p. 435, ed. Orelli.)

13. C. Vaerius Flaccus was praetor urbanus in B. C. 98, and, on the authority of the senate, he brought a bill before the people that Calliphana, of Velia, should receive the Roman franchise. [Calliphana.] In B. C. 93 he was consul, with M. Herennius, and afterwards he succeeded T. Didius as proconsul in Spain. As the Celtiberians, who had been most cruelly treated by his predecessors, revolted in the town of Belgida, and burnt all their senators in the senate-house, because they refused to join the people, Flaccus took possession of the town by surprise, and put to death all those who had taken part in burning the senate-house. (Cic. pro Balb. 24; Schol. Bob. ad Cic. p. Flacc. p. 233, ed. Orelli; Appian, Hispan. 100.)

14. C. Valerius Flaccus is called imperator and propraetor of Gaul in B. C. 83, in the consulship of L. Cornelius Scipio and C. Norbanus. (Cic. pro Quint. 7.) He may possibly be the same as No. 13.

15. L. Valerius Flaccus, a son of No. 11, served in Cilicia as tribune of the soldiers, under P. Servilius, in B. C. 78, and afterwards as quaestor, under M. Calpurnius Piso, in Spain. (Cic. pro FLacc. 3.) He was praetor in B. C. 63, the year of Cicero's consulship, who through his assistance got possession of the documents which the Allobrogian ambassadors had received from the accomplices of Catiline. In the year after his praetorship he had the administration of Asia, in which he was succeeded by Q. Cicero. (Cic. pro Flacc. 13, 14, 21, 40.) In B. C. 59 he was accused by D. Laelius of having been guilty of extortion in his province of Asia; but Flaccus, although he was undoubtedly guilty, was defended by Cicero (in the oration pro Flacco, which is still extant) and Q. Hortensius, and was acquitted. (Comp. Cic. in Cut. 3.2, 6 ; ad Att. 1.19, 2.25, in Pison, 23; the oration pro Flacco; pro Planc. 11; Schol. Bob. p. Flacc. p.228 ; Sallust, Sal. Cat. 45.)

16. C. Valerius Flaccus, a friend of App. Claudius Pulcher, whom Cicero saw in Cilicia B. C. 51. (Cic. Fam. 3.4, 11.)

17. L. Valerius Flaccus, a son of No. 15. When Cicero defended his father, Lucius was yet a little boy, and the orator introduced him into the court, for the purpose of exciting the pity of the judges. In the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, Flaccus fought on the side of the latter, and was killed in the battle of Dyrrhachium, B. C. 48. (Cic. pro Flacc. 36, Orat. 38; Caes. Civ. 3.53.)

18. L. Valerius Flaccus, a flamen of Mars, a contemporary of Cicero, whose brother Quintus had heard him give an account of a marvellous occurrence. (Cic. de Divin. 1.46; Varro, de L. L. 6.21.) That he cannot be the same as the one mentioned, No. 10, is evident from the dates. Eckhel (Doctr. Num. vol. v. p. 333) believes that he is the same as the Flaccus whom Cicero defended ; but the latter is described by Cicero as praetor, whereas our L. Valerius Flaccus is expressly called Flaccus, the flamen of Mars, both by Cicero and Varro.

19. P. Valerius Flaccus, the accuser of Carbo. (Cic. Fam. 9.21.) [L.S]

There are several coins of the Valeria gens belonging to the family of the Flacci. Of these, three specimens are given below. The first has on the obverse the head of Pallas, and on the reverse Victory in a biga, with C. VA. C. F. FLAC. The second has on the obverse the head of Victory, and on the reverse the military standard of an eagle, between two other military standards, with C. VAL. FLA. IMPERAT. EX. S. C. This C. Valerius Flaccus may be the same as No. 14, whom Cicero calls Imperator. The third coin has on the obverse the head of Victory, and on the reverse Mars standing between an apex (Dict. of Ant. s.v.) and an ear of corn, with L. VALERI FLACCI. The apex shows that this L. Flaccus was a flamen, and he may therefore have been either the L. Flaccus consul in B. C. 131 [No. 10], who was a flamen of Mars, or the L. Flaccus, a contemporary of Cicero [No. 18], who was also a flamen of Mars. (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 333.)

All that is known or that can be conjectured with plausibility in regard to this writer may be comprehended in a very few words. From the expressions of his friend Martial (1.62, 77), we learn that he was a native of Padua; from the exordium of his piece, we infer that it was addressed to Vespasian, and published while Titus was achieving the subjugation of Judea; from a notice in Quintilian, Dod well has drawn the conclusion that he must have died about A. D. 88. The lines (5.5), Phoebe, mone, si Cymaeae mihi conscia vatis Stat casta cortina domo, whatever may be their import, are not in themselves sufficient to prove, as Pius and Heinsius imagine, that he was a member of the sacred college of the Quindecimviri; and the words Setinus Balbus, affixed to his name in certain MSS., are much too doubtful in their origin and signification to serve as the basis of any hypothesis, even if we were certain that they applied to the poet himself, and not to some commentator on the text, or to some individual who may at one time have possessed the codex which formed the archetype of a family. Works Argonautica

The only work of Flaccus now extant is an unfinished heroic poem in eight books, on the Argonautic expedition, in which he follows the general plan and arrangement of Apollonius Rhodius, whose performance he in some passages literally translates, while in others he contracts or expands his original, introduces new characters, and on the whole devotes a larger portion of the action to the adventures of the voyage before the arrival of the heroes at the dominions of Aetes. The eighth book terminates abruptly, at the point where Medeia is urging Jason to make her the companion of his homeward journey. The death of Absyrtus, and the return of the Greeks, must have occupied at least three or four books more, but whether these have been lost, or whether the author died before the completion of his task, we cannot tell.

The Argonautica is one of those productions which are much praised and little read. A kind but vague expression of regret upon the part of Quintilian (10.1), " Multum in Valerio Flacco nuper amisimus," has induced many of the older to ascribe to Flaccus almost every conceivable merit; and, even in modern times, Wagner has not hesitated to rank him next to Virgil among epic bards of Rome. But it is difficult to discover any thing in his lays beyond decent mediocrity. We may accord to him the praise of moderate talents, improved by industry and learning, but we shall seek in vain for originality, or the higher attributes of genius. He never startles us by any gross offence against taste, but he never warms us by a brilliant thought, or charms us by a lofty flight of fancy. His diction is for the most part pure, although strange words occasionally intrude themselves, and common words are sometimes employed in an uncommon sense; his general style is free from affectation, although there is a constant tendency to harsh conciseness, which frequently renders the meaning obscure; his versification is polished and harmonious, but the rhythm is not judiciously varied; his descriptions are lively and vigorous, but his similes too often farfetched and unnatural. He has attained to somewhat of the outward form, but to nothing of the in ward spirit, of his great model, the Aeneid. Editions

Valerius Flaccus seems to have been altogether unknown in the middle ages, and to have been first brought to light by Poggio Brocciolini, who, while attending the council of Constance in 1416, discovered in the monastery of St. Gall [see Asconius] a MS. containing the first three books, and a portion of the fourth.

The Editio Princeps was printed very incorrectly, from a good MS., at Bologna, by Ugo Rugerius and Doninus Bertochus, fol. 1472; the second edition, which is much more rare than the first, at Florence, by Sanctus Jacobus de Ripoli, 4to, without date, but about 1431. The text was gradually improved by the collation of various MSS. in the editions of Jo. Bapt. Pius, Bonon. fol. 1519; of Lud. Carrio, Antv. 8vo. 1565-1566; of Nicolaus Heinsius, Amst. 12mo. 1680; and above all in that of Petrus Burmannus, Leid. 4to., 1724, which must be regarded as the most complete which has yet appeared; although those of Harles, Altenb. 8vo. 1781; of Wagner, Gotting. 8vo. 1805; and of Lemaire, Paris, 8vo. 1824, are more convenient for ordinary purposes. The eighth book was published separately, with critical notes and dissertations on some verses supposed to be spurious, by A. Weichert, Misn. 8vo. 1818. Translations

We have metrical translations,--into English by Nicholas Whyte, 1565, under the title The story of Jason, how he gotte the golden flece, and how he did begyle Media; out of Laten into Englische ;--into French by A. Dureau de Lamalle, Paris, 1811 ;--into Italian by M. A. Pindemonte, Verona, 1776;--and into German by C. F. Wunderlich, Erfurt, 1805. [W.R]

a freedman by birth, and a distinguished grammarian, in the latter part of the first century B. C.

His reputation as a teacher of grammar, or rather philology, procured him the favour of Augustus, who took him into his household, and entrusted him with the education of his grandsons, Caius and Lucius Caesar. Flaccus lodged in a part of the palace which contained the Atrium Catilinae. This was his lecture-room, where he was allowed to continue his instructions to his former scholars, but not to admit any new pupils, after he became preceptor of the young Caesars. If we receive Ernesti's correction of Suetonius (Octav. 86), it was the pure and percritics spicuous Latinity of Verrius, not Veranius, Flaccus, which Augustus contrasted with the harsh and obsolete diction of Annius Cimber. Flaccus rethe ceived a yearly salary of more than 800l. He died at an advanced age, in the reign of Tiberius.

At the lower end of the market-place at Praeneste was a statue of Verrius Flaccus, fronting the Hemicyclium, on the inner curve of which, so as to be visible to all persons in the forum (Vitr. 5.1), were set up marble tablets, inscribed with the Fasti Verriani. These should be distinguished from the Fasti Praenestini. The latter, like the similar Fasti of Aricium, Tibur, Tusculum, &c. were the townrecords. But the Fasti of Flaccus were a calendar of the days and vacations of public business--dies fasti, nefasti, and intercisi--of religious festivals, triumphs, &c., especially including such as were peculiar to the family of the Caesars. In 1770 the foundations of the Hemicyclium of Praeneste were discovered, and among the ruins were found portions of an ancient calendar, which proved to be fragments of the Fasti Verriani. Further portions were recovered in subsequent excavations, and Foggini, an Italian antiquary, reconstructed from them the entire months of January, March, April, and December, and a small portion of February was afterwards annexed. (Franc. Foggini, Fastorum Ann. Roman. Reliquiae, &c. Rom. 1779, fol. ; and Dict. of Antiq. s. v. Fasti.) They are also given at the end of Wolf's edition of Suetonius, 8vo. Lips. 1802, and in Orelli's Inscriptiones Latinae, vol. ii. p. 379. Works

Flaccus was an antiquary, an historian, a philologer, and perhaps a poet; at least Priscian (viii. p. 792) ascribes to him an hexameter line, Blanditusque labor molli curabitur arte. It is seldom possible to assign to their proper heads the fragments of his numerous writings. But the following works may be attributed to him:-- Rerum Memoria Dignarum

An historical collection or compendium, entitled Rerum Memoria Dignarum, of which A. Gellius (4.5) cites the first book for the story of the Etruscan aruspices, who gave perfidious counsel to Rome (Niebuhr, Hist. Rome, vol. i. p. 543). A History of the Etruscans, Rerum Etruscarum

Intro. ad Aen. 10.183, 198, ed. Mai; compare also Serv. ad Aen. 7.53, 8.203, 11.143. A treatise, De Orthographia

(Suet. Ill. Gramm. 17). This work drew upon Flaccus the anger of a rival teacher of philology, Scribonius Aphrodisius, who wrote a reply, and mixed up with the controversy reflections on the learning and character of Flaccus. Saturnus

Flaccus was also the author of a work en titled Saturnus, or Saturnalia (Macrob. Saturn. 1.4, 8). De Obscuris Catonis

on the archaisms used by Cato the Censor : the second book of which is cited by A. Gellius (17.6). De Significatu Verborum

Besides the preceding references, Flaccus is quoted by Gellius (5.17, 18), who refers to the fourth book, De Significatu Verborum, of Flaccus, while discussing the difference between history and annals (see also 16.14, 18.7), and by Macrobius (Saturn. 1.10, 12, 16). Other citations

Flaccus is cited by Pliny in his Elenchos (H. N. 1), or summary of the materials of his Historia Naturalis, generally (Lib. i. iii. vii. viii. xiv. xv. xviii. xxviii. xxix. xxxiii. xxxiv. xxxv.), and specially, but without distinguishing the particular work of Flaccus which he consulted (H. N. 7.53, s. 54, mortes repentinae; 8.6, elephantos in circo ; 9.23, s. 39, praetextatos muraenarum tergore verberatos ; 18.7, s. 11, far P. Rom. victus; 28.2.4, Deorum evocatio ; 33.3.19, Tarquinii Prisci aurea tunica ; 16, 7.36, Jovis facies minio illita). Flaccus is also referred to by Lactantius (Instit. 1.20), by Arnobius (ad v. Gent. 1.59), and by Isidorus (Orig. 14.8.33). De Verborum Significatione

But the work which more than any other embodies the fragments of an author, whose loss to classical antiquity is probably second only to that of Varro, is the treatise, De Verborum Significatione, of Festus. Festus abridged a work of the same kind, and with probably a similar title, by Verrius Flaccus, from which also some of the extracts in Gellius and Macrobius, and the citations in the later grammarians, Priscianus, Diomedes, Charisius, and Velius Longus, are probably taken. Of this work of Flaccus, a full account is given under Festus. Further Information

Sueton. Ill. Gramm. 17; K. O. Müller, Praefacatio ad Pompeium Festum, Lips. 1839. [W.B.D]

a Roman eques in the confidence of the emperor Tiberius, to whom he betrayed Scribonius Libo in A. D. 16. [Drusus, No. 10.] It is uncertain whether the Vescularius condemned by Tiberius in A. D. 32 be the same person, some MSS. reading Atticus, others Flaccus, as the cognomen. (Tac. Ann. 2.28, 6.10.) [W.B.D]

See Persius.

Fulvius. The name of two distinguished families in the Fulvia and Valeria gentes. Many of the members of both families held the highest offices in the State; but the best known are: (1) M. Fulvius Flaccus, the friend of the Gracchi, consul in B.C. 125, and one of the triumvirs for carrying into execution the agrarian law of Tib. Gracchus. He was slain, together with C. Gracchus, in B.C. 121. (See Gracchus.)

(2) L. Valerius Flaccus, consul in B.C. 100 with Marius, when he took an active part in putting down the insurrection of Saturninus. In B.C. 86 he was chosen consul in place of Marius, but was put to death by his soldiers at the instigation of Fimbria.

(3) Calpurnius, a rhetorician of the time of the emperor Hadrian. He is the author of fifty-one declamationes, usually printed with those of Quintilian. (See Quintilianus.)

(4) C. Valerius Flaccus, a native of Padua, who lived in the time of Vespasian, and wrote the Argonautica, an unfinished heroic poem, in eight books, on the Argonautic expedition, which is extant, and of which the best editions are those of Wagner (Göttingen, 1805), Thilo (Halle, 1863), Schenkl (Berlin, 1871), and Bährens (Leipzig, 1875). The poem is a free imitation of Apollonius Rhodius, and is in style animated, rhetorical, and rich.

(5) Granius. See Papirius.

See Verrius Flaccus.

See Horatius.

A professional agrimensor of the time of Nero, the author of a treatise De Condicionibus Agrorum, part of which has been preserved. See Agrimensores.