liber

līber, ĕra, ĕrum (old form, loebesum et loebertatem antiqui dicebant liberum et libertatem. Ita Graeci λοιβὴν et λείβειν, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.; cf. 2. Liber), adj. [Gr. root λιφ-, λίπτω, to desire; cf. Sanscr. lub-dhas, desirous; Lat. libet, libido], that acts according to his own will and pleasure, is his own master; free, unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, unshackled; independent, frank, open, bold (opp. servus, servilis).

• I In gen.; constr. absol., with ab, the abl., and poet. also with gen.
• • • • • α Absol.: dictum est ab eruditissimis viris, nisi sapientem liberum esse neminem. Quid est enim libertas? Potestas vivendi ut velis, Cic. Par. 5, 1, 33: an ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat, cui leges imponit, praescribit, jubet, vetat? etc., id. ib. 5, 2, 36: ad scribendi licentiam liber, id. N. D. 1, 44, 123: agri immunes ac liberi, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 166: integro animo ac libero causam defendere, unprejudiced, unbiased, id. Sull. 31, 86: liberi ad causas solutique veniebant, not under obligations, not bribed, id. Verr. 2, 2, 78 § 192; cf.: libera lingua, Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 9 (128): cor liberum, id. Ep. 1, 2, 43 (146): vocem liberam mittere adversus aliquem, Liv. 35, 32, 6: libera verba animi proferre, Juv. 4, 90: judicium audientium relinquere integrum ac liberum, Cic. Div. 2, 72, 150: aliquid respuere ingenuo liberoque fastidio, id. Brut. 67, 236: libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio, id. Fin. 1, 10, 33: tibi uni vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera, id. Cat. 1, 7, 18: pars quaestionum vaga et libera et late patens, id. de Or. 2, 16, 67: liberum arbitrium eis populo Romano permittente, Liv. 31, 11 fin.; cf. id. 37, 1, 5: mandata, full powers, unlimited authority, id. 37, 56; 38, 8: fenus, unlimited, id. 35, 7: custodia, free custody (i. e. confinement to a house or to a town), id. 24, 45; Vell. 1, 11, 1; v. custodia, II.: legatio, v. legatio: suffragia, the right of voting freely, Juv. 8, 211: locus, free from intruders, undisturbed, secure, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 49 (177); 3, 2, 25 (602); id. Cas. 3, 2, 4 (534): aedes, a free house, free dwelling (assigned to the use of ambassadors of friendly nations during their stay in Rome), Liv. 30, 17 fin.; 35, 23; 42, 6: lectulus, i.e. not shared with a wife, Cic. Att. 14, 13, 5: toga (poet. for virilis toga), a man's (prop. of one who is his own master), Ov. F. 3, 771: vestis, id. ib. 3, 777: libera omnia sibi servare, to reserve to one's self full liberty, Plin. Ep. 1, 5.—Comp.: hoc liberiores et solutiores sumus, quod, etc., Cic. Ac. 2 (Luc.), 3, 8: est finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo, verborum licentia liberior, id. de Or. 1, 16, 70: liberiores litterae, id. Att. 1, 13, 1: amicitia remissior esse debet et liberior et dulcior, freer, more unrestrained, more cheerful, id. Lael. 18 fin.: paulo liberior sententia, Quint. 4, 2, 121: liberior in utramque partem disputatio, id. 7, 2, 14: fusiores liberioresque numeri, id. 9, 4, 130: officia liberiora plenioraque, id. 6, 1, 9: (flumina) campo recepta Liberioris aquae, freer, less impeded, Ov. M. 1, 41; cf.: (Tiberinus) campo liberiore natat, freer, opener, id. F. 4, 292: liberiore frui caelo, freer, opener, id. M. 15, 301.—Sup.: liberrimum hominum genus, comici veteres tradunt, etc., the frankest, most free-spoken, Quint. 12, 2, 22; cf.: liberrime Lolli, most frank, most ingenuous, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 1: indignatio, id. Epod. 4, 10.—
        • β Free or exempt from, void of; with ab: Mamertini vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestia, munere, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 23; cf.: (consul) solutus a cupiditatibus, liber a delictis, id. Agr. 1, 9, 27: ab observando homine perverso liber, id. Att. 1, 13, 2: liber a tali irrisione Socrates, liber Aristo Chius, id. Ac. 2 (Luc.), 39, 123: ab omni animi perturbatione liber, id. Off. 1, 20, 67; id. N. D. 2, 21, 55: loca abdita et ab arbitris libera, id. Att. 15, 16, B: libera a ferro crura, Ov. P. 1, 6, 32: animus liber a partibus rei publicae, Sall. C. 4.—
        • γ With abl.: animus omni liber curā et angore, free from, without, Cic. Fin. 1, 15: animus religione, Liv. 2, 36: animus cogitationibus aliis, Quint. 11, 2, 35: mens omnibus vitiis, id. 12, 1, 4; cf.: liberis odio et gratia mentibus, id. 5, 11, 37: omni liber metu, Liv. 7, 34: liber invidia, Quint. 12, 11, 7: equus carcere, Ov. Am. 2, 9, 20.—
        • δ With gen. (poet.): liber laborum, Hor. A. P. 212: fati gens Lydia, Verg. A. 10, 154: curarum, Luc. 4, 384. —Comp.: liberior campi, having a wider space, Stat. S. 4, 2, 24.—
        • ε Liberum est, with subject-clause: quam (opinionem) sequi magis probantibus liberum est, it is free, permitted, allowable, Quint. 6, 3, 112; Plin. Ep. 1, 8: dies eligere certos liberum erat, Plin. 30, 2, 6, § 16.—So in abl. absol.: libero, quid firmaret mutaretve, Tac. A. 3, 60.
• II In partic.
• • A Free, in a social point of view, not a slave (opp. servus; also to ingenuus): neque vendendam censes quae libera est, Ter. Ad. 194; cf. id. ib. 182: dis habeo gratiam quom aliquot affuerunt liberae, because slaves were not permitted to testify, id. And. 771; opp. ingenuus, free-born: quid ea? ingenuan' an festucā facta e servā liberast? Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 14 (14): in jure civili, qui est matre liberā, liber est, Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 45; id. Caecin. 36, 96: si neque censu, neque vindictā, nec testamento liber factus est (servus), non est liber, id. Top. 2, 10: quae (assentatio) non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est, of a freeman, id. Lael. 24, 89; Quint. 11, 1, 43: liberorum hominum alii ingenui sunt, alii libertini, Gai. Inst. 1, 10; cf. sqq.: ex ancilla et libero jure gentium servus nascitur, id. ib. 1, 82; cf. § 85; Paul. Sent. 2, 24, 1 sqq.—
  • B Free, in a political point of view; said both of a people not under monarchical rule and of one not in subjection to another people, Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48; cf.: ut ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum, sic hunc nimis liberum populum libertas ipsa servitute afficit, id. ib. 1, 44, 68: liber populus, id. ib. 3, 34, 46: (Demaratus) vir liber ac fortis, democratic, republican, fond of liberty, id. ib. 2, 19, 34: civitates liberae atque immunes, free from service, Liv. 37, 55: provinciae civitatesque liberae, Suet. Vesp. 8: libera ac foederata oppida, id. Calig. 3: Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit, Juv. 8, 244.—
  • C In a bad sense, esp. with reference to sensual pleasure, unbridled, unchecked, unrestrained, licentious: quam liber harum rerum multarum siet (Juppiter), Plaut. Am. prol. 105: adulescens imprudens et liber, Ter. Eun. 430; cf.: sit adulescentia liberior, somewhat freer, Cic. Cael. 18, 42: amores soluti et liberi, id. Rep. 4, 4, 4: consuetudo peccandi, id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 177.—Hence, adv.: lībĕrē, freely, unrestrictedly, without let or hinderance; frankly, openly, boldly: qui nihil dicit, nihil facit, nihil cogitat denique, nisi libenter ac libere, Cic. Par. 5, 1, 34: animus somno relaxatus solute movetur et libere, id. Div. 2, 48, 100: respirare, id. Quint. 11, 39: constanter et libere (me gessi), id. Att. 4, 16, 9: consilium dare, id. Lael. 13, 44: aliquid magis accusatorie quam libere dixisse, id. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 176: omnia libere fingimus et impune, Quint. 6, 1, 43: ut ingredi libere (oratio), non ut licenter videatur errare, Cic. Or. 23, 77.— Comp.: liberius vivendi fuit potestas, Ter. And. 50: loqui, Cic. Planc. 13, 33: fortius liberiusque defendere, Quint. 12, 1, 21: liberius si Dixero quid, Hor. S. 1, 4, 103: maledicere, id. ib. 2, 8, 37: longius et liberius exseritur digitus, Quint. 11, 3, 92; cf. id. 11, 3, 97: ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat, freely, of itself, spontaneously, Verg. G. 1, 127.

līber, ĕri (gen. plur. liberūm, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 9; Turp. ap. Non. 495, 26; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; 2, 1, 30, § 77; Tac. A. 2, 38; 3, 25 saep.; cf. Cic. Or. 46, 155; but also: liberorum, id. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76; 2, 5, 42, § 109), m. [1. liber], a child.

• I Sing. (post-class. and rare): si quis maximam portionem libero relinquat, Cod. Just. 3, 28, 33; 5, 9, 8 fin.; Quint. Decl. 2, 8.—
• II Plur., children (freq.; but in class. Lat. only of children with reference to their parents: pueri = children in general, as younger than adulescentes; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 657 sq.).
• • A Lit.: liberorum genus, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155 (Trag. v. 347 Vahl.): liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, id. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.): cum conjugibus et liberis, Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3: eum ex C. Fadii filiā liberos habuisse, id. ib. 16, 11, 1: liberos procreare, id. Tusc. 5, 37, 109: suscipere liberos, id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 161: per liberos te precor, Hor. Epod. 5, 5: dulces, id. ib. 2, 40: parvuli, Quint. 2, 15, 8; opp. parentes, id. 11, 1, 82; 3, 7, 18; 26; 6, 1, 18; 6, 5 al.: mater quae liberos, quasi oculos (amisit), orba est, Sulp. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 182 Müll.: jus trium liberorum, under the emperors, a privilege enjoyed by those who had three legitimate children (it consisted in the permission to fill a public office before one's twenty-fifth year, and in freedom from personal burdens); this privilege was sometimes also bestowed on those who had fewer than three children, or even none at all; also of one child: non est sine liberis, cui vel unus filius unave filia est, Dig. 50, 16, 148; Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 6 (736); Ter. Hec. 212; id. Heaut. 151; id. And. 891; Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 2; id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; ib. 30, § 76 Zumpt; cf. also Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5: neque ejus legendam filiam (virginem Vestalem) ... qui liberos tres haberet, Gell. 1, 12, 8: uxores duxerant, ex quibus plerique liberos habebant, Caes. B. C. 3, 110, 2.—Of grandchildren and great-grandchildren: liberorum appellatione nepotes et pronepotes ceterique qui ex his descendunt, continentur, Dig. 50, 16, 220; cf.: liberi usque ad trinepotem, ultra hos posteriores vocantur, ib. 38, 10, 10, § 7: habitus sis in liberum loco, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40.—
  • • 2 Esp.
    • • • α Of sons (opp. daughters): procreavit liberos septem totidemque filias, Hyg. Fab. 9.—
        • β Of children in gen. = pueri: praecepta Chrysippi de liberorum educatione, Quint. 1, 11, 17; cf.: Catus aut de liberis educandis, the title of a book by Varro, v. Gell. 4, 19, 2; Macr. S. 3, 6, 5.—
  • B Transf., of animals, young: liberis orbas oves, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 38 (818).—Comically: quaerunt litterae hae sibi liberos: alia aliam scandit, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 23 (25).

lĭber, bri, m. [Gr. λέπειν, to peel; λέπος, λεπίς; cf. λοβός], the inner bark or rind of a tree.

• I Lit.
• • A In gen.: obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci, Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120: colligatae libris (arundines), Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 4: udoque docent (germen) inolescere libro, Verg. G. 2, 77: natam libro et silvestri subere clausam, id. A. 11, 554; id. E. 10, 67: quam denso fascia libro, Juv. 6, 263.—
  • B Esp., because the ancients used the bark or rind of trees to write upon; usually the thin rind of the Egyptian papyrus, on which the books of the Greeks and Romans were usually written (v. Dict. of Antiq. p. 587 sq.): antea non fuisse chartarum usum. In palmarum foliis primo scriptitatum, dein quarundam arborum libris, Plin. 13, 11, 21, § 69.—Hence,
• II Transf.
• • A Paper, parchment, or rolls of any substance used to write upon (cf.: charta, membrana): quasi quom in libro scribuntur calamo litterae, Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 131 (545).—
  • B Most freq. a book, work, treatise: Demetrii liber de concordia, Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6: quas (sententias) hoc libro exposui, id. Lael. 1, 3; cf. id. ib. 1, 5: dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi, id. de Sen. 15, 54: libros pervolutare, id. Att. 5, 12, 2: evolvere, id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24: volvere, id. Brut. 87, 298: legere, id. Fam. 6, 6, 8: edere, id. Fat. 1, 1: libri confectio, id. de Sen. 1, 1: tempus ad libros vacuum, id. Rep. 1, 9, 14: cujus (Platonis) in libris, id. ib. 1, 10, 16: in Graecorum libris, id. ib. 2, 11, 21: librum, si malus est, nequeo laudare, Juv. 3, 41: actorum libri, the official gazette, id. 9, 84; cf. 2, 136; and v. Dict. Antiq. s. v. Acta.—
  • C In partic.
  • • 1 A division of a work a look: tres libri perfecti sunt de Natura Deorum, Cic. Div. 2, 1, 3: hi tres libri (de Officiis), id. Off. 3, 33, 121: sermo in novem libros distributus, id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 1: dictum est in libro superiore, id. Off. 2, 13, 43; sicut superiore libro continetur, Quint. 11, 1, 1: versus de libro Ennii annali sexto, id. 6, 3, 86: liber primus, secundus, tertius, etc., id. 8, 1, 2; 10, 2, 20; 11, 1, 4 al. —Sometimes, in this latter case, liber is omitted: in T. Livii primo, Quint. 9, 2, 37: in tertio de Oratore, id. 9, 1, 26: legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus, Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32.—
    • 2 In relig. or pub. law lang., a religious book, scriptures; a statute-book, code: decemviris adire libros jussis, i.e. the Sibylline books, Liv. 34, 55; 21, 62; 25, 12: se cum legeret libros, recordatum esse, etc., Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11: ut in libris est Etruscorum, id. Div. 2, 23, 50; id. Att. 9, 9, 3: caerimoniarum, rituals, Tac. A. 3, 38.—
  • D A list, catalogue, register, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 167.—
  • E A letter, epistle, Nep. Lys. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 5.—
• F A rescript, decree (post-Aug.): liber principis severus et tamen moderatus, Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8.

1. līber, era, erum (vgl. ἐ-λεύθερος), I) bürgerlich frei, subst. ein Freier (Ggstz. servus), A) eig., Cic. u.a.: facta e serva libera est, Plaut.: alqm non liberum putare, nicht für einen Freien halten, Cic.: von Staaten usw., frei = unabhängig (keinem Herrscher unterworfen), Gallia, civitas, Caes.: populus, Liv.: possessio, Caes. – subst., a) līber, līberī, m., der Freie, der freie Mensch, eruditio libero non digna, Cic.: quid est turpius ingenuo, quid minus libero dignum? Cic.: cum liberi servis humilitate animi pares simus, Lact. – b) femin. subst. lībera, die Freie (Ggstz. ancilla, Sklavin), Augustin. de civ. dei 13, 21. p. 585, 22 D.² – c) līberī, die Freien im Hause = die Kinder, s. bes. – B) übtr.: 1) v. Personen u. deren Besitztum – frei von Abgaben u. Leistungen, abgaben-, dienstfrei, liberi ab omni sumptu, Cic.: absol., civitas, Liv.: agri, Cic. – 2) von Häusern und Orten = von Bewohnern, Besuchern frei, ledig, aedes, Liv.: lectulus, lediges (nicht mit einer Gattin geteiltes), Cic.: loca ab arbitris libera, von Störenfrieden freie, Cic.: so auch liberae aedes, liber locus, frei von Besuchern, ungestört, Plaut.: übtr., v. Pers. = ungestört, Plaut. – 3) vom Vermögen = von Schulden frei, nicht verschuldet, ut rei familiaris liberum quicquam sit, Cic. – II) v. Fesseln frei, v. Personen, A) eig., Ggstz. vinctus, Plaut. u. Sen. – B) übtr.: 1) übh. frei von etw., einer Sache ledig, ohne etw., liberi a delictis, Cic.: m. bl. Abl., liber curā, sorgenfrei, Cic.: m. Genet., liber harum rerum et multarum siet, Plaut.: liber laborum, Hor.: discriminis, Plin. pan.: corporis, Itin. Alex.: fati, des Schicksalsspruches entbunden, Verg. – dah. prägn., libera vina, frei machend = von Sorgen befreiend, Hor. de art. poët. 85. – 2) von Zwang frei, ungehindert, uneingeschränkt, unumschränkt, zwanglos, selbständig, a) übh.: adulescens, Ter.: adulescentia, Cic.: vitae liberioris iter, Ov.: m. Genet., liber revertendi, Ov.: rerum, Plaut. – m. ab u. Abl. Gerund., sum ab observando homine perverso liber, ich bin nun aller Rücksichten gegen den verk. M. entbunden, Cic. ad Att. 1, 13, 2. – übtr., libera od. liberior toga, libera vestis, das Kleid eines Freien, die männliche Toga, Ov. – v. Örtl., campus, spatium, Liv.: libero caelo (freie Luft) frui, Cic., Sen. u. Lact.: liberiore frui caelo, Ov.: aqua liberior, das freier fließende (= das Meer), Ov. – libera custodia, freie, weite Haft, Cic.: u. so libero conclavi servare, in freier, weiter Haft halten, Cic. – liberum fenus, unbegrenzter (durch kein Gesetz eingeschränkter) Wucherzins, Liv. – v. der Zeit, otia liberrima, ganz geschäftsfreie, Hor.: tempus, freie, uneingeschränkte, Cic. – v. Abstr., consuetudo peccandi, Cic.: quaestio, an keine Person gebundene, Cic.: liberā fide (durch kein gegebenes Wort gebunden) incepta exsequi, Liv.: libero mendacio uti, frischweg lügen, Liv.: libera mandata (Vollmacht), Liv.: conquestus, Liv.: fastidium, Cic.: oratio (Aussage, Erklärung) aut libera aut expressa (abgedrungene), Cic.: liberum habere alqd, etwas in seiner freien Gewalt haben, Liv.: liberum est mihi, es steht mir frei = in meiner Gewalt, m. folg. Infin. od. m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, Cic. u. Liv.: neque liberum id vobis Philippus permittet, wird euch darin keine freie Wahl lassen, Liv. – u. im Abl. absol., libero (da es ihm frei stand), quid firmaret mutaretve, Tac. ann. 3, 60. – b) frei in bezug auf Urteil und Willen, unbefangen, iudicium senatus, Cic.: hoc liberiores sumus, Cic. – c) frei in bezug auf Denken u. Reden, freimütig, offen, v. Personen, Cic. u.a.: liberrime Lolli, Hor.: v. deren Gesinnung usw., animus, Cic.: liberā linguā uti, seiner Zunge keinen Zwang antun, Plaut.: vocem liberam mittere, Liv.: liberiores litterae, Cic. – d) frei von Verbindlichkeiten, ungebunden, liberi ad causas solutique veniebant, frei und ungebunden (= nicht durch Geschenke bestochen), Cic. Verr. 2, 192. – 3) moralisch frei, a) im guten (philos.) Sinne, Cic. u.a. – b) im üblen Sinne, von dem, der frei, ungebunden in Befriedigung seiner sinnlichen Begierden ausschweift, ausschweifend, zügellos, turba temulentorum, Cic.: übtr., convivium, Cic.: lustra, Plaut. – ➳ arch. Genet. leiberei, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 200, 76: arch. Nom. Plur. leiberi, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 204. col. 1, 7: arch. Gen. Plur. leiberorum, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 200, 79: arch. Akk. Plur. leiberos, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 204. col. 1. lin. 36.

2. liber, brī, m. (zu λέπω, ich schäle), I) der Bast, der unter der Rinde (cortex) des Baumes liegt, Verg., Mela u.a.: libri arborum, Hieron. epist. 8. – II) (weil die Alten auf Bast schrieben) meton., jede aus mehreren Blättern bestehende Schrift, a) das Buch, α) als Inbegriff aller Blätter einer Schrift, Demetrii liber de concordia, Cic.: Platonis liber, qui immortalitatem animae docet, Flor.: is liber, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi, Cic.: libri improbatae lectionis, verbotene, Ulp. dig.: libri (Handschriften) minus accurate scripti, Macr.: libros meos, omnes quos exspectas, inchoavi, sed conficere non possum his diebus, Cic.: de eo libros fecisse multos, Varro LL.: scripsisse tres libros u. versibus (in V.) tres libros de alqa re, Cic.: librum divulgare, Cic.: librum de vita alcis edere, Plin. ep.: malum librum legere, Catull.: librum Platonis legere, Sen.: libros alcis pervolutare, Cic.: in libris haerere, Cic.: velle e bibliotheca alcis quibusdam libris uti, Cic.: libros depromere (e bibliotheca alcis), Cic.: librum ponere (weglegen, nachdem man darin gelesen hat), Cic.: iudicium illud ad libros vocare, auf Schriftwerke (Literatur) hinlenken, Hor. – insbes., eine Rede, ein Gedicht, eine Komödie, Quint.: v. den sibyllinischen Büchern, libri Sibyllini, Cic.: libri fatales, Liv.: adire libros, Liv., ad libros, Cic., ad libros Sibyllinos, Cic.: inspicere libros, Liv. (dah. inspectio librorum, Vopisc.): u. v. anderen Religionsbüchern, libri Etruscorum, Cic.: v. den Rechtsbüchern, nos autem in libris habemus, Cic.: v. den Auguralbüchern, se, cum legeret libros, recordatum esse vitio sibi tabernaculum captum fuisse, Cic. de nat. deor. 2, 11. – liber caerimoniarum, Rituale, Tac. ann. 3, 38. – β) ein Buch = Abteilung einer Schrift, tres libri perfecti sunt de natura deorum, Cic.: ea quae essent, dictum est in libro superiore, Cic.: in quarto libro docere, Lact.: haec in ultimo libro pluribus exsequemur, Lact.: versus de libro Ennii annali sexto, Quint. – b) Verzeichnis, Katalog, Register, Cic. Verr. 3, 167. – c) Schreiben, Brief, liber grandis, Nep. Lys. 4, 2: liber grandior, Plin. ep. 2, 1, 5. – d) Erlaß, principis, Plin. ep. 5, 13 (14), 8 K. – e) Brief = Kontrakt, liber emptionis od. possessionis, Kaufbrief, Vulg. Ierem. 32, 14 u. 16. – ➳ Akk. Plur. heterogen libra, Petron. 46, 7. – Nach Quint. 1, 4, 17 arch. auch leber.

4. līber, erī, m., s. līberī ➳ .

1 līber [CL] 1 free, possessing the social and legal status of a free man; b (of a free woman); c (as sb. m. or f.); d (~er tenens) free tenant, freeholder (v. et. libertenens). c740 puerulos ‥ quos ego Lul et pater noster ~eros dimisimus Romam destinantes Ep. Bonif. 49 p. 79; ~er homo DB I 44v (v. defendere 6c); 1130 per tale servitium quale alius ~er homo fecerit de terra sua Pipe 142; se purgare ‥ per ferrum calidum si fuerit ~er homo Glanv. XIV 1; et R. offert probare per quendam ~erum hominem A. qui filiam suam habet in uxorem SelPlCrown 7; 1201 ~er civis Lincolnie (v. defensio 6); c1210 notum sit vobis me dedisse ‥ ~eris burgensibus meis ‥ has libertates subscriptas Ch. Chester 349 p. 348; 1269 presentatum est et convictum per viridarios regardatores et duodecim tam milites quam ~eros et legales homines SelPlForest 44; c1300 concessi ‥ P. filio W. nativo meo liberari et omnibus libertatibus fungi que pertinent ad ~erum hominem pro c marcis sterlinguorum quas S. et M. N. ‥ mihi ‥ solverunt ut ipsum de servitute mea redimerent et de nativo ~erum facerent FormMan 3; natura primeva omnes homines ~eros protulit Amund. II app. 364.  b quod tenuit Alveva ~era femina DB II 80; tenuerunt ij puellae ~erae DB II 81b; ~era femina DB II 125 (v. defensor 2a); ~era mulier DB II 312b.  c Theod. Pen. II 13. 4 (v. ingenuus 2); super hos ~eros habebat rex E. socam DB II 131; omnis ~er GAS 323 (v. decimatio 5); si ~er servum occidat (Leg. Hen. 70. 4) Ib. 588; qui servum suum liberat ‥ lanceam et gladium vel que ~erorum arma sunt in manibus ei ponat (Ib. 78. 1) Ib. 594; cum essem ~er, in omnibus omnium servus esse P. Blois Ep. 139. 414B; voluisti contrahere cum ~era et comperta est esse ancilla Rob. Flamb. Pen. 37; 1276 tam in terra ~erorum quam villanorum Hund. I 16; 1375 est ~er ‥ et non nativus Hal. Durh. 126; hic ~er, A. freman WW.  d 12‥ nisi fuerit ~er tenens Conc. Scot. II 44; 1295 (v. littera 8d); multi magnates Angliae feofaverunt milites et ~eros tenentes suos B. Cotton HA 119; ~eri tenentes qui vocantur fresokemen EHR I 737; 1337 ~eri tenentes Capt. Seis. Cornw m. 18; 1368 preceptum est distringere ~eros tenentes ad reparandum molendinum aquaticum Hal. Durh. 73. 2 pertaining to the social and legal status of a free man. b (servitium ~erum) service due from freeholder. 1308 S. dicit quod ipse est liber homo et ~ere condicionis Year Bk. I (Selden Soc. XVII) 13.  b Robertus de M. tenet residuum ville in ~erum [v. l. ~errimum] servicium Boldon Bk. 12; c1200 per ~erum servitium predictorum iiij solidorum et vj denariorum reddendorum Ch. Westm. 346. 3 (of land or property) free from obligation or servitude. †838 (11c) ita ut predicta terra sit ~era omni regali serbitia [sic] CS 418; †964 (12c) terras ipsius aecclesiae quae hactenus regiae exactioni subjacebant, ab hac die in perpetuum liberabo et †liberus [l. ~eras] esse concedo et precipio eas viz. quae sunt ultra Avene flumen CS 1135; 1044 sit autem istud praefatum rus ~errimum ab omni mundiali obstaculo CD 772; hec mansio fuit ~era in die qua rex Eduuardus fuit vivus et mortuus; modo est addita ad terras Bristrici Dom. Exon. 396b; ut ‥ habeat idem locus ~erum precinctum, id est ambitum et cimiterium mortuorum circa se absque episcopali vel cujuslibet respectu vel exactione (Lit. Papae) Ailr. Ed. Conf. 759C; 1231 quod villa de Salford sit ~er burgus Ch. Chester 435 p. 433; 1236 R. de P. tenet tria juga et unam virgatam inter ~era juga, set per redditum quem reddunt juga servilia Cust. Battle 131; 1312 non alienabit dimidiam acram terre ~ere quam habet de dono et feoffamento Johanne le Milnere nec aliam terram ~eram, si quam habeat, sine licencia domini speciali Rec. Elton 201. 4 free (from obligations, tolls, etc.): a (w. ref. to persons liable); b (w. ref. to object on which toll is paid). a 1130 precipio quod abbacia de Monteburgo teneat omnia sua ita bene et quiete et honorifice sicut ~erior abbacia tocius Normannie ‥ (Breve Regis) EHR XXIV 220; c1178 precipio quod idem P. sit ~er custumarius ex hac terra et heredes sui post ipsum et habeat plenariam consuetudinariam libertatem in feudo et hereditate Ch. Chester 192; 1208 ~era ‥ de canibus suis expedendis (v. expedare a); c1210 volo quod predicti burgenses mei sint tam ~eri ut sunt ~eriores burgenses de aliquo burgo de Staffordesira Ch. Chester 349 p. 348; 1544 pro diversis personis non ~eris transfretantibus per spacium predictum, viz. de qualibet persona ij d. EEC 198.  b c1137 ita ~eram eam habeat sicut aliquam prebendam ecclesie illius habet ~eriorem Ch. Chester 21 p. 32; 1329 Willelmo Fox, mercatori, per xx saccos lane ~eros a custuma ExchScot 171. 5 (w. ref. to right or privilege); b (~era elemosina) frank-almoign; c (~er bancus) free bench, widow’s dower. c1172 unum plenarium toftum in ~ero burgagio in Karel Regesta Scot. 131; c1175 precipio ut predicti monachi predictam terram ‥ teneant in ~erum forestum Ib. 154; ? 1178 concedo etiam eis in terra sua ~eram curiam suam Ib. 197 p. 252; c1180 ~erum ansum suum Ib. 153; 1199 me ‥ concessisse ‥ canonicis de Lylleshulle ‥ donationem quam Robertus Bardulf eis fecit de quadam placea in Wicho Mauban ad faciendam ~eram salinam Ch. Chester 306; c1200 notum sit vobis omnibus me dedisse ‥ Rogero ‥ unum ~erum batellum in fluvio de De apud Cestriam Ib. 313; c1210 quieti sint per idem tolneium quod in aliis ~eris mercatis datur in comitatu Staffordie Ib. 349 p. 348; c1300 dedi ‥ j carucatam terre ‥ in ~erum socagium FormMan 3; c1300 dedi ‥ P. de G. in puro et ~ero maritagio cum A. filia mea (vel sorore mea) unam carucatam terram [sic] Ib. 4.  b c1125 ut elemosinam ~eram Cart. Chester 6 p. 47; c1150 prout ~era exigit elemosina Ch. Chester 98; c1155 (v. elemosina 3b); 1201 possideant in puram et perpetuam elemosinam ~eram Ch. Chester 332.  c 1246 salvo ~ero banco (v. bancus 4); 1265 utrum [sc. mulier] possit habere ~erum bancum suum et dotem suam simul et semel? decretum est quod non habebit Borough Cust. II 121 (Exeter) ; 1357 habeat ipsa uxor ‥ ~erum ‥ bancum suum (v. bancus 4). 6 unfettered, released from confinement or imprisonment, at liberty. b (~era custodia, ~era prisona) (app.) confinement, or prison, in which freedom of movement is allowed. cujus erat meritis a compede libera Wulf. Swith. I 1193; Ib. II 597 (v. 2 excedere 2a); similitudinem ~eri stupent et ligati Map NC IV 6 f. 49; 1202 eum invenerunt ~erum et jocantem in domo ipsius W. SelPlCrown 21; latro ‥ ~er emittitur Walt. Wimb. Carm. 566 (v. emittere 3); s1295 ~er dimittitur Rish. 152.  b solutus est sanctus et in ~era custodia tentus W. Malm. GP III 101; ab hominibus ejus captus, in ~era custodia habebatur Id. GR IV 349; 1333 nullus patriota debet imprisonari in castro, nisi in casu criminali vitam vel membrum tangenti, ‥ sed in aliis ~eris prisonis ad hoc deputatis (Cust.) CartINorm. p. 3. 7 not subject to compulsion, possessing freedom of action. b (~era voluntas, ~erum arbitrium) free will. c (~erum est w. dat. & inf.) one is free to. ut ‥ ~era ibi mente Domino deservirent Bede HE II 5 p. 91; 855 sint ‥ †liberii [l. liberi] suam propriam terram ad perfruendum CS 490; ~er est ille, qui cogi non potest ad ea quae nolit nec prohiberi ab eo quod velit Simil. Anselmi 53; laudetur ‥, mancipato servituti corpore, animus ~er Gir. TH intr. p. 8; homo est agens ~erum Ockham Quodl. 276; oportet quod totus sit ~er, et operetur secundum suam voluntatem J. Mirfield Flor. 138.  b Anselm II 257 (v. arbitrium c); ~erum arbitrium J. Blund An. 401 (v. facultas 1b); queritur qualiter Deus scit ea que contingunt a casu vel ex ~era voluntate Gros. Quaest. Theol. 196; inique agant ex ~eri sui arbitrii depravatione Id. DM I 25; voluntas ~era non conformatur voluntati naturali Ockham Quodl. 7; Id. Dial. 492 (v. arbitrium c).  c 1163 (v. chrisma 1a); 1168 ~erum est archiepiscopo procedere de vigore litterarum J. Sal. Ep. 261 (280); 1439 quod ~erum sit decano intrare in quecunque loca repositoria capituli Stat. Linc. II 230. 8 (of action) free, unrestricted. c1168 ~eram ‥ prioris sui electionem Regesta Scot. 28 p. 137; 1262 quasdam terras et tenementa ‥ in manum vestram cepisti et ad custodiam eorundem predictum S. filium P. posuisti quominus idem R. ~eram administracionem habere potuit de predictis terris et tenementis suis Cl 51. 9 unlimited, unstinted. subjectis populis idola colendi ~eram dare licentiam Bede HE II 5 p. 91; 688 (12c) †libertam [v. l. ~eram] a me habeatis licentiam donandi, commutandi CS 72; ? 859 liveram ‥ potestatem CS 497; cum archiepiscopus ~erae potestatis esset W. Malm. GP I 65; c1168 licenciam et ~eram potestatem vendendi et emendi Regesta Scot. 94; tenens liberam / jugis virgam dominatus J. Howd. Sal. 48. 7. 10 clear, unobstructed: a (of a way, passage); b (of a view). a † c1192 concedo etiam predictis monachis et hominibus suis ~erum transitum per totam forestam meam Ch. Chester 240; c1202 ~eram viam eundi et redeundi pacifice ab abbacia usque ad aquam de B. Ib. 330; quia peregrinationis sue non invenisset ~eram viam R. Niger Chr. I 95; 1277 cum ~ero introitu et exitu sine impedimento, facto, opere aut machinacione quacunque Cart. Chester 306 p. 197; c1300 cum ~eris introitibus et exitibus (Carta generalis) FormMan 2; c1300 cum libertate habendi ~erum transitum cum omnibus mercimoniis sive mercaturis per omnes burgos et civitates Anglie sine tolloneo et cum libertate habendi ~erum transitum ad omnes nundinas Ib. 5.  b ~er pateat eis aspectus Trevet Troades 76. 11 unencumbered, free or exempt from (something cumbersome or objectionable); b (w. abl. or ab & abl.); c (w. gen.). 801 ~er viator felicius vadit quam sarcinarum magnitudine onustus Alcuin Ep. 226.  b ab omnibus mundi rebus ~er in anchoretica conversatione vitam finire disposuit Bede HE III 19 p. 168; omnes qui ab Hiensium dominio erant ~eri Ib. V 15 p. 316; [populus] ab omnibus ~er [AS gl.: frio] offensis Rit. Durh. 8; 1093 abbathia ‥ ab omni calumnia ‥ ~era (v. exhinc 1); tolle / luxum: regnabit liber ab hoste pudor J. Exon. Virg. 98; c1210 utrum, suo judicio, / sint liberi a vicio (In Episcopos 161) Pol. Songs 13; a viciis igitur liber, gaudere teneris H. Avr. Poems 42. 3; testis sit Glovernia, ubi quod juravit / liber ab angustia statim revocavit Carm. Lew. 438; nam quod rei rapuimus / liber reatu solveras J. Howd. Cyth. 121. 6; [Christe] crimine liber crucibus anxiaris Id. Cant. 358.  c liber avaricie, largus ad omne bonum Gower VC VI 776. 12 open, candid. timebant conscii, ceteri ~era fronte et vividis luminibus ‥ acclamabant W. Malm. GP I 55; laudes ‥ sancta quadam superbia vel, ut mitius dicam, dedignatione ~era contempsisti Lucian Chester 39; ~era frons H. Avr. Hugh 174 (v. disgregare 2c). 13 bold, outspoken, loud. ut nec ~era vox dolori concedatur W. Malm. GP II 79; s1213 ~era voce latam in eum sentenciam denunciaverunt Bower IX 19. 14 (~er lapis, ~era petra) freestone. lapides ‥ qui et ~eri vulgo dicuntur, quia secabiles, ferroque quodam modo polibiles sese quasi liberaliter prestant Gir. IK I 3; 1212 sculptores lapidum ~erorum MGL II 86; 1261 cepit ~eros lapides de aula gilde et eos carriavit usque ad domum suam Rec. Leic. I 96; 1320 in ~eris petris emptis xij d. Ib. 327; 1341 (v. caementarius 3b).

2 lĭber [CL] 1 inner bark of a tree. libris corrosis et cortice vescor amara Aldh. Aen. 56 (Castor) 9; et ~er dicitur pro interiore arboris cortice Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 307; arborum ‥ oculis cum adherente ~ro ad aliarum ramusculos translatis Balsh. Ut. 46; Robertus filius Alexandri per serjant’ inveniendi libr’ ad pasnagium regis et custodiendi porcos donec appretientur KR Misc. Bks. 6 (Testa de Nevill) p. 700; hic ~er, interior pars corticis WW; a barke, cortex, ~er, codex ‥ pars prior est cortex, liber altera, tercia suber CathA. 2 book, written work. ~rum ‥ male de Greco translatum Bede HE V 24 p. 359 (v. emendare 2a); 735 sive solamine ~rorum sive vestimentorum adjuvamine pietas tua tristitiam meam consolata est Bonif. Ep. 35; custos ~rorum debet habere congregatos ~ros in capitulo super tapetum extensum Lanfr. Const. 98; non in ~ris, sicut fieri solet, dialecticam didicit, sed in schedulis et quaternis P. Blois Ep. 101. 312C; in egregiis legitur poetarum ~ris Gir. TH intr. p. 3; fracturas ~rorum reficiet Obed. Abingd. 371 (v. fractura 1c); 1367 statutum universitatis, cujus originale inventum est in nova cista ~rorum universitatis StatOx 165; 1511 ~ros ‥ ac codices cujuscumque facultatis impressos Ib. 326; quia sicut videmus quod ~er componitur ex litteris alphabeti sic passio Christi, que est liber laicorum, potest cognosci per litteras alphabeti Melton 251 (v. 13 infra). 3 (w. ref. to spec. book or work): a (learned, eccl., or acad.); b (leg.); c (Domesday Book); d (Red book of the Exchequer). a in ~ro De laude virginum Abbo QG 20 (43); per ~rum regulae sumat monasterii societatem Lanfr. Const. 176; in ~ro Cur deus homo, quem ut ederem tu maxime inter alios me impulisti Anselm (Orig. pecc. prol.) II 139; 10‥ Beda de temporibus. ~er proemiorum veteris et novi [sc. Isidori] (Catal. librorum) EHR XXXII 389; Posteriorum Analeticorum ~er J. Sal. Met. 919D (v. demonstrativus d); a Boetio habemus in ~ro Consolationum ‥ quod mundus habeat animam J. Blund An. 357; in ~ro Sententiarum habetur quod liberum arbitrium est facultas rationis et intellectus Ib. 401; Ptolemeus igitur in ~ro Almagesti posuit ‥ Gros. 25; major patet in ~ro Posteriorum Bacon VII 2; ~ro De pomo Aristoteles ‥ definivit R. Bury Phil. XI 170; 1446 quilibet ‥ ad lecturam ~ri Sentenciarum admittendus StatOx 267.  b ex ~ris Digestorum Justiniani Vac. Lib. paup. 1 (v. 1 decerpere e); 1303 quemdam ~rum Codicis (v. fruncina).  c c1100 facite ut monachi Sancti Petri de episcopatu Wintoniense habeant in pace terram de H. quam Imma regina eis dedit, sicut ~er regius hoc testatur (Ch. Wint.) EHR XXXV 389; c1112 per ~rum de Thesauro disratiocinavit quod Levecanora manerium suum nihil omnino debet in hundredo de Perituna facere Chr. Abingd. II 116; hic ~er ab indigenis Domesdei nuncupatur Dial. Scac. I 16B (v. dies 9b); nos eundem ~rum judiciarium nominavimus Ib. (v. judiciarius 2b); 1347 ~rum de Domesday sive feodorum vocat (v. fabricare 4b).  d 1333 secundum tenorem statuti inde in Rubeo ~ro Feodorum hujus scaccarii annotati LTR Mem 105 m. 203; pars istius cirograffi consuta est in Rubio ~ro de scaccario Westmonasterii circa finem EHR XVIII 513; 1377 in Rubeo ~ro de scaccario domini regis MGL II 471. 4 (w. adj. or gen.) book on particular subject or collection of certain sort of writings; b (eccl.); c (mus.); d (book of accounts or sim.). c798 etc. (v. epistolaris 2b); 12‥ fuit mihi quidam ~er decretalis (v. decretalis 2b); 1252 ~ros naturales, qui fuerant Parisius prohibiti Garl. Tri. Eccl. 97; 1407 ~rum aliquem logicalem, naturalem, metaphisicalem vel moralem StatOx 192; c1451 ~ros meos physicales, nomen unius Trefolium MunAcOx II 614; 1504 in ~ris statutorum universitatis StatOx 310.  b presbyter debet habere ‥ spiritalia arma, id sunt divinos ~ros, sc. missalem, lectionarium, quod quidam vocant epistolarium, psalterium, nocturnalem, gradalem, manualem, passionalem, paenitentialem, compotum et ~rum cum lectionibus ad nocturnas Ælf. Ep. 2. 137; inter alphabeti litteras scribuntur hee note in ~ris pontificum Bacon Gram. Gk. 83; veniat sacrista literatus cum ~ro collectuali Stat. Linc. I 373; ~rum dormientem Obs. Barnwell 78 (v. dormire 5b); ad ~rum vero minutorum unam qualibet nocte ponet candelam Cust. Cant. 102; 1396 ~er ympnorum glosatus Meaux III p. xcvi; 1424 pro ~ro mortuorum et uno missali Ac. Durh. I 271; c1455 ~er sequentiarum glossatus MunAcOx II 663; 1526 instituimus etiam quod regula divi patris Benedicti, ~er usuum ‥ annuatim ‥ perlegantur Vis. Thame 715.  c magister Leoninus ‥ qui fecit magnum ~rum organi de gradali et antifonario Mens. & Disc. (Anon. IV) 46; 1345 ~er alleluiaticus (v. gradaliticus); ~er organicus fratris W. de Chiltham Chr. Rams. 367; 1388 uni ~ro organi, iij s. iiij d. Ac. Durh. 134; 1452 ~er de cantu fracto (v. frangere 10g).  d 1450 in ~ris dietarum et receptarum (v. diaeta 4a); 1453 pro papiro empto pro ~ro thesaurarii in domo computatorii Ac. H. Buckingham 27; 1460 pro iij pipis vini ‥ non intratis in ~ris domicilii ExchScot VII 8; 1468 prout patet in ~ro curie particulariter examinato super computum Ib. 524; 1576 cum ‥ tradiderimus ‥ decimas ‥ una cum proficuis ~ri Paschalis pertinentibus ecclesie parochiali Marie Magdalene in villa de Bridgenorthe Pat 1148 m. 24. 5 subdivision of written text; b (of the Bible). historiam ecclesiasticam nostrae insulae ac gentis in ~ris v Bede HE V 24 p. 359; vestri doctores in doctrine ~ro tercio ‥ asserunt Petrus Dial. 13; octavum ~rum Almagesti Bacon Tert. 201; 1434 sextum ~rum et Clementinas in uno volumine (v. decretalis 2b).  b ~er Psalmorum Bede Gen. 99; ~er Philonis, sc. Sapientie qui appellatus est Salomonis Beleth RDO 146. 150D; ~er Dierum Neckam Sac. (extr.) 375 (v. dies 3c); in secundo ~ro Paralipomenon Bracton f. 106b; ~ros prophetales Bacon Maj. III 72; Stephanus Cantuariensis archiepiscopus obiit, qui ‥ ~ros Regum exposuit Knighton I 211. 6 Bible (as used in oath-taking): a (Latin Bible as used by Christians); b (Hebrew Torah as used by Jews). a 1199 Simon et filius suus et W. arripuerunt ipsum J. per manum dextram extensam ultra ~rum CurR I 451; 1297 honerari ad sacramentum prestandum super ~rum in inquisitione CourtR Hales 352; 1398 quod ‥ sacramentum ‥ capi non potest pro eo quod non habetur ~rum vocatum jurybook (PlRChester 102 m. 14) EHR XLVIII 269; s1417 juravere super ~rum Wals. HA II 320; 1526 apposita in ~rum manu Vis. Thame 708.  b 1201 et si Judeus ab aliquo appellatus fuerit sine teste, de illo appelatu erit quietus solo sacramento suo super ~rum suum SelPlJews 1; 1275 Judeus fecit legem suam sicut Judeus facere debet versus Christianum, viz. se sola manu super ~rum suum Ib. 89. 7 mass book (as used in ritual of excommunication). 1255 W. de L. et W. et alii venerunt ad forestarios cum ~ris et candelis volentes ipsos excommunicare nisi G. a prisona liberassent SelPlForest 13; venerunt W. capellanus de H. et alii cum ~ro et candela volentes excommunicare omnes qui manum imposuerunt in dictum G. Ib. 78; s1379 (v. campanula c). 8 charter, deed (cf. AS bōc). b document. 824 qui monasterium et agellum cum ~ris haberet CS 379; 878 contigit anno eclipsi solis perditio prioris ~ri, nunc autem nostra licentia et confirmatione anticus praescribitur ~er Chr. Abingd. I 45; 942 ideo scripsimus novam cartulam quia antiquum ~rum non habebamus CS 801; 988 (12c) si autem ‥ contigerit ‥ aliquem antiquiorem ~rum producere, pro nichilo computetur CD 662; hoc attestantur scripta vetustissima que lingua Anglorum landbokes, id est, terrarum ~ros vocant Gavelkind 209; si Deus omnem ~rum, omnem pactum, quodlibet chirographum ‥ possit ‥ recidere Bradw. CD 802D (v. falsare 2b).  b in reconciliatione veteris nupte cui datus est olim repudii ~er J. Ford Serm. 64. 2. 9 bill, receipt, record of goods received. 1444 omnimodos ~ros et evidencias quoruncumque mercatorum ‥ hujusmodi bona sive mercandisas qualitercumque tangentes Pat 458 m. 11; 1535 pro bonis aut rebus in navibus suis invectis ‥ que in ~ro raciocinii Anglice the boke of ladyng ‥ non inscribuntur SelPlAdm I 44. 10 (~er vitae, viventium) book of life (w. ref. to Apoc. iii 5etc.): a record of those who are to inherit eternal life; b (fig., w. ref. to God or Christ). a 757 si quis ‥ hanc nostrae donationis elemosinam minuere voluerit et delere, auferatur et deleatur memoria ejus de ~ro vitae CD 126*; 842 augeat Deus partem ejus in ~ro vitae Ch. Roff. 21; †948 (v. de 1b); c1135 qui autem hanc meam donationem cassare temptaverit, nomen ejus de ~ro vite deleatur Ch. Durh. 29; de ~ro vite non auferas obsecro quod tuis desudatum est laudibus J. Ford Serm. prol. 7; ~er vite recipit deletiones S. Langton Quaest. f. 279v (v. deletio); de ~ro viventium conscientia non delet iniqua Ockham Dial. 459; 1430 cujus laus etsi hucusque inscribatur in ~ro vite Reg. Whet. II 393.  b ~rum autem vitae praescientiam Dei ‥ de illis quibus aeterna dabitur vita Bede Apoc. 194B; an ~er vitae sit Filius Dei et secundum quam rationem Hales Qu. 700; altissimus, lumen luminum, ~er vitae R. Bury Phil. I 17; Deus ‥ est immensus ~er vite in quo sunt omnes veritates incluse Wycl. Ente 109. 11 (~er vitae, commemorationum) record of those to be commemorated in prayer. ~er vitae ecclesiae Dunelmensis Surtees Soc. XIII tit.; 1090 ut simus scripti omnes in ~ro commemorationum, et ut sit factum tale obsequium pro nobis, quale debet fieri pro uno fratre de ecclesia, ubicumque moriamur Chr. Abingd. II 20. 12 (~er mortis) ? record of those condemned to die. 1203 Henricus appellat plures de forcia quorum nomina sunt in ~ro mortis CurR III 63 (cf. ib. p. 451n, ib. IV 177: 1206 quorum nomina sunt in libro Martini). 13 (fig.). erat omnibus ‥ speculum honestatis, religionis ~er, pagina sanctitatis V. Birini 2; dominus rex ‥ cujus erga vos dilectionem lego assidue in ~ro experientie P. Blois Ep. 5. 15B; ~er creature ‥ inscripta continens invisibilia Dei J. Ford Serm. 104. 4; 1203 nosti ‥ utpote qui hoc in ~ro experientie cotidiane legisti ‥ Ep. Innoc. III 19 p. 58; liber cordium J. Howd. Cant. 130 (v. ingerere 7); fit sempiterni federis / liber membrana lateris [sc. Jhesu] / cujus rubet inscripcio Id. Cyth. 56. 8; frontis [sc. Christi] librum respiciat / spina scriptum multiplici Ib. 69. 11; ex ~ro dierum meorum Ad. Mur. Chr. prol. 4 (v. dies 3d); Melton 251 (v. 2 supra).

4 liber v. liberi(b)

5 liber v. libra

1 lībĕr, (7) bĕra, bĕrum, ¶ 1 [socialement] libre, de condition libre : qui est matre libera, liber est Cic. Nat. 3, 45, celui qui est né dʼune mère libre, est libre || m. pris subst^t , liber, homme libre : (adsentatio) non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna Cic. Læl. 89, (la flatterie) indigne non seulement dʼun ami, mais même dʼun homme libre || [politiq^t ] libre [peuple, ou qui se gouverne lui-même ou qui nʼest soumis à aucun autre peuple] : cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 48 ; 1, 68 ; 3, 46 ¶ 2 [en gén.] affranchi de charges : a) liberi ab omni sumptu Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, affranchis de tous frais ; agri liberi Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 166, terres exemptes de charges ; [en part.] prædia libera Cic. Agr. 3, 9, terres franches, sans servitudes ; b) libre, non occupé, vacant : loca ab arbitris libera Cic. Att. 15, 16 a, endroits soustraits aux regards ; liber lectulus Cic. Att. 14, 13, 5, couche solitaire ; liberæ ædes Liv. 24, 7, 3, maison inhabitée ; c) sans dettes : Brut. d. Cic. Fam. 11, 10, 5 ¶ 3 [fig.] a) libre de, affranchi de : ab observando homine perverso Cic. Att. 1, 13, 2, dispensé dʼavoir des égards pour un mauvais homme ; a delictis Cic. Agr. 1, 27, sans reproche ; curā Cic. Fin. 1, 49, exempt de soucis ; laborum Hor. P. 212, débarrassé de ses travaux || [poét.] libera vina Hor. P. 85, le vin qui libère ; b) libre, sans entraves, indépendant : integro animo ac libero causam alicujus defendere Cic. Sulla 86, défendre la cause de qqn sans prévention, en toute indépendance ; an ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat... ? Cic. Par. 36, pour moi, est-il libre lʼhomme à qui sa femme commande... ? liberum fenus Liv. 35, 7, 2, intérêts illimités, usure sans frein ; libera custodia Liv. 24, 45, 8, une garde lâche, qui laisse la liberté des mouvements ; hoc liberiores et solutiores sumus quod Cic. Ac. 2, 8, nous sommes plus libres et plus indépendants en ce que ; liberiores litteræ Cic. Att. 1, 13, 1, lettres un peu libres ; liberrime Lolli Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 1, ô mon cher Lollius, le plus indépendant des hommes ; vocem liberam mittere Liv. 35, 32, 6, faire entendre des paroles libres, sʼexprimer librement ; verba inusitata sunt poetarum licentiæ liberiora quam nostræ Cic. de Or. 3, 153, les mots inusités, les poètes ont la faculté de les employer plus librement que nous ; res alicui libera Cic. Or. 78, chose libre pour qqn, pour laquelle il a toute liberté, cf. Cic. Cat. 1, 18 ; Quint. 8, 6, 19 || liberum est alicui avec inf., il est loisible à qqn de : Cic. Phil. 1, 12 ; [abl. abs. au n. ] libero, quid firmaret mutaretve Tac. Ann. 3, 60, la liberté lui étant donnée de décider ce quʼil maintenait ou modifiait.

➳ leiber CIL 1, 585, 76.

2 lībĕr, (7) ĕrī, m. , v. liberi

➳.

4 lĭbĕr, brī, m.

I liber [partie vivante de lʼécorce] : Cic. Nat. 2, 120 ; Varro R. 1, 8, 4 ; Virg. G. 2, 77 || sur quoi lʼon écrivait autrefois : Plin. 13, 69.

II écrit composé de plusieurs feuilles, livre : ¶ 1 livre, ouvrage, traité : Demetrii liber de concordia Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6, le livre de Démétrius sur la concorde ; librum de aliqua re scribere Cic. CM 54, écrire un livre sur qqch. ; libros pervolutare, evolvere, volvere, legere Cic. Att. 5, 12, 2 ; Tusc. 1, 24 ; Br. 298 ; Fam. 6, 6, 8, lire des ouvrages ; librum edere Cic. Fato 1, publier un livre ¶ 2 [en part., au pl.] a) division dʼun ouvrage, livre : tres libri perfecti sunt de Natura deorum Cic. Div. 2, 3, jʼai composé un traité en trois livres sur la Nature des dieux ; legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, jʼai lu dernièrement ton quatrième livre du de Finibus, cf. Quint. 9, 2, 37 ; 9, 1, 26 ; b) les livres Sibyllins : ad libros ire Cic. Div. 1, 97 ; libros adire Liv. 21, 62, 6, consulter les livres Sibyllins || livres auguraux : Cic. Nat. 2, 11 ; c) recueil : litterarum Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 167, recueil de lettres ¶ 3 toute espèce dʼécrit : [lettre] Nep. Lys. 4, 2 ; [rescrit, décret] Plin. Min. Ep. 5, 14, 8 ; [manuscrit] Plin. Min. Ep. 2, 1, 5.

liber , libri. m.
樹内軟皮。書。卷。

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liber , eri. m.
酒神。酒。

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liber , eri. m.
兒子。

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liber , era, erum. adj. c. s.
自主者。非奴。無阻。空者。— a legibus 格外者。— a fide 已如约。Agri liberi 不上税之田。Liberae aedes 衆人可居之屋。Liberae litterae 無碍之書札。Libera mandata 代满權。Mihi liberum est 由吾耳。Liberum caelum 盖衆人之天。Liberum arbitrium 自主。Liberum tempus 開時。Libero corde fabulari 無碍口而言。

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lĭber, libri, m.: libro, corteccia; fulminis vis interiores libros rumpit ac scindit Sen l'energia del, fulmine squarcia e fende le pellicole della corteccia interna; truncus externi vestitur cortice libri Prud il tronco si copre col vestito d'una corteccia che non gli appartiene.

līber (1) era, erum, adj.with comp.and sup.

• LIB-, free, unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, unembarrassed, unshackled: ad scribendi licentiam: integro animo ac libero causam defendere, unbiassed: liberi ad causas solutique veniebant, under no obligations: vox, L.: libera Verba animi proferre, Iu.: tibi uni vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera: liberum est alcui non adesse, he is free: libero, quid firmaret (ablabsol.), i. e. with full power to ratify, Ta.: mandata, unlimited authority, L.: faenus, unrestricted, L.: custodia, i. e. surveillance without imprisonment, L.: in liberis custodiis haberi, S.: suffragia, the right of voting freely, Iu.: aedes, free quarters(for ambassadors in Rome), L.: lectulus, i. e. single: toga, i. e. a man's, O.: liberas fruges ferre, i. e. spontaneous, H.: agri, untaxed: neque Turno mora libera mortis, i. e. nor is he free to delay death, V.: vina, freeing from care, H.: hoc liberiores et solutiores sumus, quod, etc.: pöeta, verborum licentiā liberior. liberiores litterae: amicitia, more unrestrained: (flumina) Liberioris aquae, less impeded, O.: (Tiberinus) campo liberiore natat, more open, O.: liberrime Lolli, most frank, H.: indignatio, most outspoken, H.: ab omni sumptu, exempt: (consul) a deliciis, uninfluenced: ab observando homine perverso, i. e. from all regard for, etc.: animus a partibus rei p., S.: animus omni curā, free: animus religione, L.: (equus) liber habenis, V.: liber laborum, H.—Free, not subject, not slave: neque vendendam censes Quae liberast, T.: dis habeo gratiam Quom aliquot adfuerunt liberae (as competent to testify), T.: populus: (civitates) liberae atque inmunes, free from service, L.: Roma, Iu.: Devota morti pectora libera, i. e. delivering from servitude, H.—As substm.: (adsentatio) ne libero quidem digna, a freeman.—As substn.: libera meliore iure sunt quam serva, i. e. the law is on the side of freedom.—Unbridled, unchecked, free, unrestrained, licentious: adulescens, T.: sit adulescentia liberior, somewhat freer: libero mendacio abuti, L.

liber (2) brī, m

• —Of a tree, the inner bark: obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci: udoque docent (germen) inolescere libro, V.: cum alta liber aret in ulmo, i. e. the elm is parched through, V.— Because dried bark was anciently used to write on, a book, work, treatise: Platonis de morte: caerimoniarum, ritual, Ta.: quas (sententias) hoc libro exposui: libros pervolutare: libri confectio: libri carminum valentium, of charms, H.: libros adire decemviri iussi, i. e. Sibylline books, L.: libri Etruscorum, religious books.—A division of a work, book: tres libri de Naturā Deorum: dictum est in libro superiore: legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus (sc. librum).—A list, catalogue, register: litterarum adlatarum libri.—A letter, epistle: grandis, N.

LIBER

LIBER(βίβλος, βιβλίον), a book. But it must be recollected that these words in Greek and Latin until a very late period mean a book in the form of a roll, as will be explained below, and that the modern book shape was used only for the codex (in Greek, τεῦχος see CODEX), and not for literary publications. The name liber itself is either a misconception or a relic of antiquity applied to something different. It means rind or bast; but there seems no doubt that not the rind of the papyrus, but the pith (which Cassiodorus rightly gives as medullae), was used to make paper (charta). The true liber or bast is thought to have been used in pre-historic times for writing in some form, as were also leaves of trees (Plin. Nat.13.69); but. this has nothing to do with the material of charta; nor has the substance philyra, which Pliny seems to apply wrongly in describing the manufacture of paper. Philyra, as Pliny himself elsewhere (16.65) explains, was the inner bark or skin of the lime-tree, which, as, it happens, was also used for writing, though. not in the form of charta (Ulpian, Dig. 32, 52). It is unnecessary to go further here into this point, which is fully discussed by Birt (Antike Buchwesen, p. 229 sq.). The same view is adopted by Marquardt (Privatleben, 800) and, Blümner (Technologie, 1.309). Of the linen material for books little need be said. It belonged to very early times among the Romans; for the Libri lintei are referred to by Livy not as existing in his own time, but as mentioned by Licinius Macer (Liv. 4.7, 13, 20, 23). They were not books, but merely public records with lists of magistrates, kept in the temple of Juno Moneta. Livy also speaks of a Samnite ritual-book as a liber vetus linteus (10.38). In much later times linen was used for note-books by Aurelian (Vopisc. Aur. 1.7). The Egyptian papyrus of which paper (charta) was made formed an article of trade before the time of Herodotus (Hdt. 5.68). He calls the plant βύβλος or βίβλος, but Theophrastus distinguishes πάπυρος as the plant and βίβλος as the pith, the true material of the paper. It was so largely exported that Cassiodorus (Ep. 11.38) speaks of the abolition of the tax upon it by Theodoric as the removal of an impediment to learning. The papyrus plant grows in swamps to a height of ten feet or more, and paper was manufactured from it (principally at Alexandria, but also at Rome) in the following manner (see Pliny (Plin. Nat.13.77). The pith of the papyrus was cut into strips called schidae (or, in Festus, inae); these strips were placed alongside one another on a wetted board, and, if there was not glutinous property enough in the papyrus, they were smeared with paste: upon them transversely was placed a second layer forming a cross pattern or network: the whole was pressed and beaten into a consistent form and smoothed down with an ivory instrument (hence charta dentata), or a shell (Mart. 15.209), forming a single page (pagina, σελίς), which was called in its manufacture plagula, because of the network pattern in the initial stage (cp. the expressions texere chartam, ἤτρια βύβλων, &c.). Pliny (l. c.), unless the reading is altered, seems to think that the Nile water itself acted as a paste: this is in itself highly improbable, and we may more safely conclude that the papyrus itself yielded the glutinous substance when, as in Egypt, it was fresh, but when it was imported and dry the paste was necessary, which Pliny describes as used at Rome. Pliny reckons nine sorts or qualities of paper: (1) the best sort had once been called in Egypt hieratica, because it was specially used for sacred books, but in the Empire it was called Augusta, and was 13 digiti broad, and from a similar compliment the second quality was called Livia, so that, as Pliny notes, the hieratica was relegated to the third class; (4) the amphitheatrica, so called because it was manufactured near the amphitheatre at Alexandria, 9 digiti broad; (5) an improvement upon this by a Roman Fannius, and therefore called Fanniana, 10 digiti broad; (6 and 7) Saitica and Taeniotica(8 digiti), so called from the places of their manufacture in Egypt; (8) emporetica, used not for writing, but, as the name suggests, for wrapping up parcels. Later in Claudius's reign came the Claudia, which was a foot broad, and was regarded as an improvement, because it was thick enough for writing on both sides, whereas the Augusta was thin and transparent, and could only take writing on one side. Parchment (membrana) was also a common material for writing; but the uses of charta and membrana were distinct until late in the Empire. Skins of animals had been used for writing in very ancient times: in fact, in Asia, among the Persians and, as is well known, among the Jews, it had been what papyrus was to the Egyptians (Diod. 11.32; Hdt. 5.58; and see Birt, p. 49). It is therefore not strictly correct of Varro (ap. Plin. Nat.13.70) to say that parchment for writing was an invention of Eumenes II., king of Pergamum (about 180 B.C.), in consequence of the jealousy of Ptolemy Epiphanes, who prohibited the exportation of papyrus. (Jerome tells the same story of Attalus.) The true account seems to be that great improvement in the preparation of διφθέραι was introduced either by Eumenes or Attalus at Pergamum, whence the term pergamena, parchment, inasmuch as formerly διφθέραι were used (like charta) only on one side, and now they were smoothed for writing on both sides, and in this improved form exported to Rome. But it is important to notice that charta was until long after the Augustan age exclusively used for literary publications. Parchment was bound in the codex form (or book shape), and used for account books, for wills, and for notes. In fact, it competed rather with wax tablets than with paper. The membrana in Horace, Sat. 2.3, 2, A. P. 389, is used for the rough copy of poems to be altered and published later ( delere licebit quod non edideris); and the same purpose is served by the parchment in a diptych stained yellow in Juven. 7.24. For books, i.e. literary publications, the codex was used first by Christian writers, beginning with the codices of the sacred writings; for other writings scarcely before the second half of the 3rd century, and in general use not before the 5th century. Exceptions to this appear in Martial (Mart. 14.188, 190, 192; but the membrana there may only refer to the wrapper, which enclosed the roll: cf. Mart. 1.3, 3. Letters were written on wax tablets or on paper, not on parchment. That the word palimpsestus in Cic. Fam. 7.1. 8does not gainsay this, is shown by his use of chartula in that passage.

The pages (σελίδες, paginae) having been prepared in the manner described above, they were pasted together (conglutinatae) to form a long roll; but sometimes the pages were written first and pasted into a roll afterwards, for which purpose some people kept glutinatores (Cic. Att. 4.4). The writing was in columns, so that the lines of writing were parallel to the sides of the roll: on each page there was a column, and there was a blank space between each column. Down to the time of Caesar, however, it was the custom to write official documents transversa charta; that is to say, across the whole breadth of the roll, so that the lines of writing were at right angles to the sides of the roll. This explains the passage in Suet. Jul. 56. The shape and appearance of Greek and Roman books will be understood from the following woodcut.

The roll was sometimes of considerable length. The Scholiasts indeed (quoted by Birt, p. 444) speak of Thucydides and Homer being written each in one long roll. The roll of Thucydides is estimated at about 578 pages, nearly 100 yards--surely an incredible length; and a Homer roll, 120 yards in length, is said to have been in existence at Constantinople. But this was certainly not the usual system, and the roll rarely exceeded 100 pages (cf. Mart. 8.44), and was usually much smaller. It was customary to divide a long work (opus or corpus) into several books (libri); each liber being in one roll (volumen; in Greek, τομὸς or κύλινδρος). Greek writers sometimes called these libri or divisions of a work βίβλια, sometimes λόγοι, and in the later Empire συγγράμματα. Thus, in contrast to the huge roll of Homer, said to have been at Constantinople, we have the papyrus of the 24th book of the Iliad from Elephantine, so that the complete Iliad would have been in 24 rolls or volumes. The pages were numbered, or at any rate the total number was usually put on the titulus: even the total number of verses, or of lines in a prose work, were sometimes written on it. Thus Josephus reckons 60,000 στίχοι at the end of his 20th book of Antiquities, and Justinian gives to the Digests centum quinquaginta paene milia versuum. The price of the book was in part estimated by this number, and Marquardt cites an edict of Diocletian (C. I. L. 3. p. 831) in which the payment of the copyist was fixed at so much for every hundred lines.

The writing was usually only on one side of the paper. The other side in cast books was utilised for schoolboys' exercises: libelle inversa pueris arande charta (Mart. 4.86), or as scribbling paper (Mart. 8.62). Both sides were, however, sometimes used for the original work, and the books were then called opisthographi (Plin. Ep. 3.5: see Juven. 1.6, and Mayor's note). Sometimes the writing was sponged out (as in a parchment palimpsest) and the paper used over again. This is the point of the joke made by Augustus, Ajacem suum in spongiam incidisse (Suet. Aug. 82).

The roll was protected against worms by being smeared with cedar oil, which gave the paper a yellow tinge (Ov. Tr. 3.1, 13; Mart. 3.2; Hor. A. P. 331): then the last leaf was pasted on to a thin piece of wood called the umbilicus or ὄμφαλος (the umbilicus is found also made of tightly-folded paper). Hence the last page is called eschatocollion (Mart. 2.6); and the expression ad umbilicum adducere means, to finish (cf. Hor. Epod. 14, 8; Mart. 4.89) = ad cornua, Mart. 20.107. The edges (frons) of the roll were carefully cut, and also smoothed with pumice-stone, whence the book is pumice mundus (Ov. Tr. 3.1, 13; Mart. 1.67, 8.72-Z2; Catull. 22.8; Tibull. 3.1, 10). There is an amusing mistake in Isidore's statement, Circumcidi libros primum Siciliae increbuit, nam initio pumicabantur, where he has confused sicilire, to cut (sica), with Sicilia. His statement is adopted by some modern writers, but there seems no reason to doubt that the book was both cut and smoothed with pumice-stone. As a further decoration, the ends (cornua) of the umbilicus were sometimes gilded as far as they projected (Mart. 8.61). The edges themselves (frons) were also coloured (nigra frons, Ov. Tr. 1.1, 8). A strip of parchment on which the title or subject of the book, and sometimes its number of pages or even lines, was written, was pasted on to the roll. (In this sense praetexat summa fastigia = praetexat frontes.) This strip was called titulus or index, in Greek σίττυβοι or σίττυβαι (Cic. Att. 4.4). (Others spell the word σίλλυβοι, but see Phot. and Hesych. s. v. and Marquardt's note, Privatleben, 817.) This titulus or index was often painted a bright colour, and perhaps the lora rubra (Catull. 22, 7) have the same meaning (though Göll takes the words to stand for the parchment case). Finally, a cover for the roll (membrana, διφθέρα) was made of parchment coloured red or yellow, Lutea sed niveum involvat membrana libellum (Tib. 3.1, 9), which is called purpurea toga, and also sindon (Mart. 10.93; 11.1-Z2). If one work was in several libri, they were tied in a bundle (fasces, fasciculus, Gell. 9.4, or δέσμγ). So Aristot. fr. 134: δέσμας πάνυ πολλὰς δικανικῶν λόγων Ἰσοκρατείων περιφέρεσθι ὑπὸ τῶν βιβλιοπωλῶν. The only other addition to be noticed is, that occasionally the portrait of the author was placed on the first page of the book (Senec. de Tranq. An. 9; Mart. 14.186). It is for the imaginative a matter for speculation whether the portrait of Virgil in the Vatican edition is the copy of an original.

In reading, the roll (liber or volumen) was held in both hands and unrolled with one, while the other rolled it up: the unrolling was called

evolvere, revolvere, or volvere; going right through was called explicare: rolling up again, convolvere, replicare, or complicare (Cic. Q. F. 3.1, 5). So in Mart. 4.82, charta plicetur means, let it remain unread; opus explicitum (14.1) means read all through (cf. explicet volumen suum, Cic. pro Rosc. Am. 35, 101). In rolling it up tightly, it was convenient to do so by holding the umbilicus with both hands while the first page was pressed under the chin. This is the meaning of quae trita duro non inhorruit mento (Mart. 1.66; cf. 10.93) and ἦ ρά σ' ἀναγνοὺς παῖς τις ἀναθλίψει πρὸς τὰ γενεῖα τιθείς, in the Anthology. The above apparatus of a book is given completely by Martial (Mart. 3.2): Cedro nunc licet ambules perunctusEt frontis gemino decens honorePictis luxurieris umbilicis;Et te purpura delicata velet Et cocco rubeat superbus index.

The multiplication of books at Rome began after the conquest and pacification of Italy, but booksellers' shops were not known until the end of the Republic. The earliest mention of such shops is in Cic. Q. Fr. 3.4, and Phil. 2.9, 21; but they were then still uncommon, and we find Atticus selling books for the copying of which he had a large number of slaves (Cic. Att. 2.4). Booksellers were called librarii and also bibliopolae (Mart. 4.71, &c.), and in Greek βιβλιοκάπηλοι. Horace gives us the name of the Sosii (Ep. 1.20, 2; A. P. 345). Martial names several, and specifies Argiletum as the booksellers' quarter (1.3, 117): there were also the Vicus Sandilarius(Gell. 18.4) and the Sigillaria (Gell. 5.4). There were booksellers, too, in the provincial towns, e. g. at Lugdunum (Plin. Ep. 9.11; cf. Hor. Ep. 1.20, 13), at Brundisium (Gell. 9.4). As to the price, we have no very clear information; but it would seem that a book was not necessarily, as regards cost of production, very expensive, though it might from special circumstances command a large price. Gellius (Gell. 2.3) speaks of the 2nd Aeneid being bought for viginti aurei = nearly £18; but it was an antiquarian curiosity, as being reputed (however unlikely that might be) Virgil's own copy: and as a literary tradition, possibly untrue, it was said that Aristotle gave three talents for an autograph MS. of Speusippus, and Plato nearly two for three books of Philolaus (Gell. 3.17). Such instances merely show that book-fanciers lived then as now, and price was regulated by fashion and rarity. Trustworthy copies of Ennius, for instance, were so rare in the time of Gellius that one of undoubted authority was hired for a large sum to decide a dispute as to the reading quadrupes ecus or quadrupes eques (Gell. 17.5). That, on the other hand, the real cost of production was not great, may be seen from the fact that Statius (Silv. 4.9, 9) speaks of a book (possibly one of his own) in a neat purple cover costing about fivepence: the first book of Martial, in the shop of Atrectus, cost 5 denarii (Mart. 1.117); but even that was dear; for the bookseller Tryphon could sell it at a profit for two (Mart. 13.3). The author's profit could be made (1) by selling his original copy to a bookseller (Sen. de Ben. 7.6; Suet. de Gr. 8), (2) by selling copies made by his own slaves: but in the absence of all legal protection, the gains so to be made were very small, and the author who sought profit from his writing depended mainly on the liberality of rich patrons. (See Friedländer, vol. 4. p. 66-120, French translation; Birt, ch. vii.)

How early or to what extent booksellers existed at Athens is a matter of dispute. It is not unreasonable (with Birt and Becker) to deduce from the mention of βιβλιογράφοι in Cratinus (Poll. 7.211) that they existed as early as 430 B.C. This name, for which βιβλιοπώλης was afterwards used, would imply that the first booksellers were copyists who both copied and sold books: and though Boeckh thinks that the proverbial use of λόγοισιν Ἑρυόδωρος ἐμπορεύεται, with Suidas's explanation, implies the rarity of such a trade, even after Plato's time, we have, on the other hand, the statement of Xenophon (Xen. Anab. 7.5, 14) that books were on sale even at Salmydessus; we have a book-market (τὰ βιβλία) at Athens in the time of Eupolis (Poll. 9.47); and we might conclude from Aristoph. Ran. 1109, βιβλίον τ' ἔχων ἕκαστος μανθάνει τὰ δέξια, that books were then easily to be purchased: and the same may be inferred from the mention of the book collector Eudemus in Xen. Mem. 4.2It is indeed probable that the well-known passage in the Apology (26 D) is wrongly adduced as an additional argument. When Socrates says that you can buy the opinions of Anaxagoras at the theatre for one drachma, he does not mean, as has often been imagined (even by Boeckh), that there was a bookstall there, but simply that one drachma would procure admission to the dearest place (εἰ πάνν πολλοῦ) in the theatre, where the doctrines of Anaxagoras might be heard in some play, perhaps, of Euripides. That a book of Anaxagoras could be bought there or anywhere else for a drachma is unlikely, since an inscription of the year 407 gives the price of the paper alone as 1 drachma 2 obols a sheet (i. e. a single roll which would serve for one small book). (C. I. A. 1.324: see Birt, p. 433.) Without this passage, however, there is enough for a fair inference that some kind of book-market began at Athens and in some other Greek towns in the latter part of the 5th century B.C. (See further on this subject Birt, Buchwesen, chap. ix.; Becker-Göll, Charikles, 2.160; Boeckh, ed. Fränkel, 1.60: see also art. BIBLIOTHECA)

[W.S] [G.E.M]

LIBER

LIBER, LIBERTAS. The division of men into free and slaves is the summa divisio de jure personarum (Gaius, 1.9; Inst. 1.3, pr.): according as a man is a member of the one or the other class, it is decided whether he is capable of having any legal rights whatever, or is not a mere thing or chattel in the eye of the law. Free men were either so from birth. [INGENUI ] (Gaius, 1.11; Inst. 1.4, pr.), or they became free by release from slavery, in which case they were called libertini [LIBERTUS], (Gaius, loc. cit.). Libertas is defined by Justinian after Florentinus (in Dig. 1, 5, 4, pr.) as naturalis facultas ejus quod cuique facere libet, nisi si quid aut vi aut jure prohibetur; that is to say, a man is restrained of his natural freedom when his hands are tied behind his back, or when the law forbids him to do this or that, though civil liberty at any rate does not require that one should be free to act against the laws (Cic. pro Cluentio, 53, 146; Pers. Sat. 5.89; Dio Chrysost. Or. 14). By the Roman jurists freedom was considered the natural condition of man, and slavery an artificial result of organised political society (Florentinus in Dig. 1, 5, 4, 2; Ulpian in Dig. 1, 1, 4, copied into, Justinian's Institutes, 1.4, 2; 1, 5, pr.), and in their eyes it was the first and indispensable condition of protection from the law either to person or property. Every free man had certain legal rights; every civis had more; and his legal status was completed by membership of a Roman familia [see CAPITIS DEMINUTIO], though in theory every civis had a family ( emancipatus ... sui juris effectus propriam familiam habet, Dig. 50, 16, 195, 2). The rights which a man possessed at Rome as being merely free were those conferred by the jus gentium as represented in the edict of the Praetor. A peregrinus who was liber had no commercium or conubium, and consequently no share in the jus civile: but he could own property, which was protected by utiles actiones or actiones in factum [ACTIO]: his possession was secured by interdicts; he could make a valid testament, if such was the practice of his own state, and he could engage in commerce through those contracts which were said to be derived from the jus gentium.

[J.B.M]

Liber

A free man. See Civis; diminutio capitis; libertus; servus.

Liber

(βίβλος, βιβλίον). A book; but among the Greeks and Romans, until a very late period, to be understood as referring to a roll. The modern book shape was used for the codex (τεῦχος) only, as explained in the article Codex. The Latin name liber meant originally the bark, rind, or bust of a tree, which was early used for writing material, as afterwards for the manufacture of paper (charta). (For an account of the writing materials used in ancient times, see palaeography.) The same meaning is found in the Greek term βίβλος, properly “rind” or “bark” (βύβλος). For the preparation of papyrus of which the pages of books were made, see papyrus. The pages (σελίδες, paginae) having been prepared, they were pasted together (conglutinatae) to form a long roll; but sometimes the pages were written first and pasted into a roll afterwards, for which purpose some people kept glutinatores ( Ad Att. iv. 4). The writing was in columns, so that the lines of writing were parallel to the sides of the roll: on each page there was a column, and there was a blank space between each column. Down to the time of Caesar, however, it was the custom to write official documents transversa charta; that is to say, across the whole breadth of the roll, so that the lines of writing were at right angles to the sides of the roll. This explains the passage in Iul. 56. The shape and appearance of Greek and Roman books will be understood from the following illustration.

The roll was sometimes of considerable length. The Scholiasts, indeed, speak of Thucydides and Homer as being written each in one long roll. The roll of Thucydides is estimated at about 578 pages, nearly 100 yards—surely an incredible length; and a Homer roll, 120 yards in length, is said to have been in existence at Constantinople. But this was not the usual system, and the roll rarely exceeded 100 pages (cf. Mart.viii. 44), and was usually much smaller. It was customary to divide a long work (opus or corpus) into several books (libri), each liber being in one roll (volumen; in Greek, τομός or κύλινδρος). Greek writers sometimes called these libri or divisions of a work βίβλια, sometimes λόγοι, and in the later Empire συγγράμματα. Thus, in contrast to the huge roll of Homer, said to have been at Constantinople, we have the papyrus of the twenty-fourth book of the Iliad from Elephantiné, so that the complete Iliad would have been in twenty-four rolls or volumes. The pages were numbered, or at any rate the total number was usually put on the titulus: even the total number of verses, or of lines in a prose work, were sometimes written on it. The price of the book was in part estimated by this number (C. I. L. iii. p. 831).

The writing was usually only on one side of the paper. The other side in old books was utilized for school-boys' exercises (Mart.iv. 86); or as scribbling paper (Mart.viii. 62). Both sides were, however, sometimes used for the original work, and the books were then called opisthographi (Pliny , Epist. iii. 5). Sometimes the writing was sponged out (as in a parchment palimpsest) and the paper used over again.

The roll was protected against worms by being smeared with cedar oil, which gave the paper a yellow tinge (Ovid, Trist. iii. 1, 13; Mart.iii. 2; A. P. 331); then the last leaf was pasted on to a thin piece of wood called the umbilicus or ὄμφαλος (the umbilicus is found also made of tightly-folded paper). Hence the last page is called eschatocollion (Mart.ii. 6); and the expression ad umbilicum adducere means to finish (ad cornua, Mart.xx. 107). The edges (frons) of the roll were carefully cut, and also smoothed with pumice-stone (Ovid, Trist. iii. 1, 13; Mart.i. 67; viii. 72). As a further decoration, the ends (cornua) of the umbilicus were sometimes gilded as far as they projected (Mart.viii. 61). The edges themselves (frons) were also coloured. A strip of parchment on which the title or subject of the book, and sometimes its number of pages or even lines, was written, was pasted on to the roll. This strip was called titulus or index (σίττυβοι or σίττυβαι). This titulus or index was often painted a bright colour. Finally, a cover for the roll (membrana, διφθέρα) was made of parchment coloured red or yellow. If one work was in several libri, they were tied in a bundle (fasces, fasciculus, Gell.ix. 4, or δέσμη). The only other addition to be noticed is that occasionally the portrait of the author was placed on the first page of the book (Sen. De Tranq. An. 9; Mart.xiv. 186).

In reading, the roll (liber or volumen) was held in both hands and unrolled with one, while the other rolled it up. The unrolling was called evolvere, revolvere, or volvere; going right through was called explicare; rolling up again, convolvere, replicare, or complicare. In rolling it up tightly, it was convenient to do so by holding the umbilicus with both hands while the first page was pressed under the chin. This is the meaning of quae trita duro non inhorruit mento (Mart.i. 66; cf. x. 93). The apparatus of a book is given completely by Martial (iii. 2): “Cedro nunc licet ambules perunctus Et frontis gemino decens honore Pictis luxurieris umbilicis; Et te purpura delicata velet Et cocco rubeat superbus index.”

The multiplication of books at Rome began after the conquest and pacification of Italy; but booksellers' shops were not known until the end of the Republic. The earliest mention of such shops is in Cicero (Ad Q. Fr. iii. 4) and Philo (ii. 9Philo, 21); but they were then still uncommon, and we find Atticus selling books, for the copying of which he had a large number of slaves ( Ad Att. ii. 4). Booksellers were called librarii and also bibliopolae, and in Greek βιβλιοκάπηλοι. Horace gives us the name of the Sosii Brothers (Epist. i. 20, 2). Martial names several, and specifies Argiletum as the booksellers' quarter (i. 3, 117); there were also the Vicus Sandaliarius and the Sigillaria. There were booksellers, too, in the provincial towns—e. g. at Lugdunum (Pliny , Epist. ix. 11) and at Brundisium (Gell.ix. 4). As to the price, we have no very clear information; but it would seem that a book was not necessarily, as regards the cost of production, very expensive, though it might, from special circumstances, command a large price. Gellius (ii. 3) speaks of the second book of the Aeneid being bought for viginti aurei=nearly $90; but it was an antiquarian curiosity, as being reputed Vergil's own copy; and as a literary tradition, possibly untrue, it was said that Aristotle gave three talents for an autograph MS. of Speusippus, and Plato nearly two for three books of Philolaüs (Gell.iii. 17). Such instances merely show that bibliophiles lived then as now, and price was regulated by fashion and rarity. Trustworthy copies of Ennius, for instance, were so rare in the time of Gellius that one of undoubted authority was hired for a large sum to decide a dispute as to a reading (Gell. xvii. 5). That, on the other hand, the real cost of production was not great, may be seen from the fact that Statius (Silv. iv. 9, 9) speaks of a book in a neat purple cover costing about ten cents. The first book of Martial, in the shop of Atrectus, cost five denarii (Mart. i. 117); but even that was dear, for the bookseller Tryphon could sell it at a profit for two (Mart. xiii. 3). The author's profit could be made (1) by selling his original copy to a bookseller (Sen. De Ben. vii. 6; Suet. Gram. 8),

(2) by selling copies made by his own slaves; but in the absence of all legal protection, the gains so to be made were very small, and the author who sought profit from his writing depended mainly on the liberality of rich patrons.

How early or to what extent booksellers existed at Athens is a matter of dispute. It is not unreasonable to deduce, from the mention of βιβλιογράφοι in Cratinus (Poll.vii. 211), that they existed as early as B.C. 430. This name, for which βιβλιοπώλης was afterwards used, would imply that the first booksellers were copyists who both copied and sold books. We have a book-market (τὰ βιβλία) at Athens in the time of Eupolis (Poll.ix. 47); and the same may be inferred from the mention of the book-collector Eudemus in Xenophon ( Mem. iv. 2).

Bibliography.—The standard work on ancient books is Birt's Das antike Buchwesen (Berlin, 1882); and the following are also valuable: Buchsenschutz, Besitz und Erwerb im griechischen Alterthum (Leipzig, 1879); Géraud, Les Livres dans l'Antiquité (Paris, 1840); Louisy, Le Livre (Paris, 1886); Wehle, Das Buch (Leipzig, 1879); Blümner, Technologie, 4 vols. (Leipzig, 1875-87); and Thompson, Hand-book of Greek and Latin Palaeography (London, 1893). For an account of the book-trade and literary property in antiquity, see the introduction to Clement's Étude sur le Droit des Auteurs (Grenoble, 1867); Haenny, Schriftsteller und Buchhändler im alten Rom (Leipzig, 1885); Romberg, Études sur la Propriété Artistique et Littéraire (Brussels, 1892); Schmitz, Schriftsteller und Buchhändler in Athen (Heidelberg, 1876); and the interesting but inaccurate work by Putnam, Authors and their Public in Ancient Times (New York, 1894).