Glaucus
Glaucus, Glaucus
Frieze-Dennison Vergil
- I A son of Sisyphus, devoured by his own horses, Verg. G. 3, 267.—
- II The commander of the Lycians in the Trojan war, a friend of Diomede, Hor. S. 1, 7, 17.—
- III A fisherman of Anthedon, in Euboea, who was changed into a sea-god, Ov. M. 13, 906 sq.; 14, 9; 38; 68; 7, 233: Glauci chorus, the Nereids, Verg. A. 5, 823; Stat. Th. 7, 335.
(Γλαύκος).
1. A grandson of Aeolus, son of Sisyphus and Merope, and father of Bellerophontes. (Hom. Il. 6.154; Apollod. 1.9.3; Paus. 2.4.2.) He lived at Potniae, despised the power of Aphrodite, and did not allow his mares to breed, that they might be the stronger for the horse race. According to others, he fed them with human flesh, for the purpose of making them spirited and warlike. This excited the anger of Aphrodite or the gods in general, who punished him in this way:--when Acastus celebrated the funeral games of his father, Pelias, at lolcus, Glaucus took part in them with a chariot and four horses; but the animals were frightened and upset the chariot. (Paus. 3.18.9, 5.17.4; Apollod. 1.9.28; Nonn. Dionys. 11.143.) According to others, they tore Glaucus to pieces, having drunk from the water of a sacred well in Boeotia, in consequence of which they were seized with madness; others, again, describe this madness as the consequence of their having eaten a herb called hippomanes. (Hyg. Fab. 250, 273; Schol. ad Eurip. Or. 318, Phoen. 1159; Strab. p. 409; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 269; Etym. Magn. p. 685. 42; Paus. 9.8.1; Aelian, Ael. NA 15.25; Verg. G. 3.267.) It was believed on the Corinthian isthmus that it was haunted by the shade of Glaucus, who frightened the horses during the race, and was therefore called ταράξιππος. (Paus. vi 20.9.) Glaucus of Potniae (Γλαῦκος Ποτνιεύς) was the title of one of Aeschylus' lost tragedies. (Welcker, Die Aeschyl. Trilog. n 561 Nachtrag, p. 175, Die Griech. Tragoed. vol. i. pp. 30, 52.)
2. A son of Hippolochus, and grandson of Bellerophontes. He was a Lycian prince, and led his hosts from Xanthus to the assistance of Priam in the war with the Greeks. (Hom. 2.2.875, 6.206; Hdt. 1.147.) He was one of the most eminent heroes on the side of the Trojans, and connected with Diomedes by ties of hospitality, which shows a very early intercourse between the Greeks and Lycians. (Hom. Il. 7.13, 12.387, 14.426, 16.492, &c., 17.140, &c.) He was slain by Ajax, but his body was carried back to Lycia. (Quint. Smyrn. Paralip. 3.236, 4.1, &c.)
3. A son of Antenor, fought in the Trojan war, and was slain by the Telamonian Ajax. (Paus. 10.27; Dict. Cret. 4.7.)
4. One of the numerous sons of Priam. (Apollod. 3.12.5.)
5. A son of the Messenian king Aepytus, whom he succeeded on the throne. He distinguished himself by his piety towards the gods, and was the first who offered sacrifices to Machaon. (Paus. 4.3.6.)
6. One of the sons of the Cretan king Minos by Pasiphae or Crete. When yet a boy, while he was playing at ball (Hygin. Fab 136), or while pursuing a mouse (Apollod. 3.3.1, &c.), he fell into a cask full of honey, and died in it. Minos for a long time searched after his son in vain, and was at length informed by Apollo or the Curetes that the person who should devise the most appropriate comparison between a cow, which could assume three different colours, and any other object, should find the boy and restore him to his father. Minos assembled his soothsayers, but as none of them was able to do what was required, a stranger, Polyidus of Argos, solved the problem by likening the cow to a mulberry, which is at first white, then red, and in the end black. Polyidus, who knew nothing of the oracle, was thus compelled by his own wisdom to restore Glaucus to his father. By his prophetic powers he discovered that Glaucus had not perished in the sea, and being guided by an owl (γλαῦξ) and bees, he found him in the cask of honey. (Aelian, Ael. NA 5.2.) Minos now further demanded the restoration of his son to life. As Polyidus could not accomplish this, Minos, who attributed his refusal to obstinacy, ordered him to be entombed alive with the body of Glaucus. When Polyidus was thus shut up in the vault, he saw a serpent approaching the dead body, and killed the animal. Presently another serpent came, carrying a herb, with which it covered the dead serpent. The dead serpent was thereby restored to life, and when Polyidus covered the body of Glaucus with the same herb, the boy at once rose into life again. Both shouted for assistance from without; and when Minos heard of it, he had the tomb opened. In his delight at having recovered his child, he munificently rewarded Polyidus, and sent him back to his country. (Comp. Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 811; Palaephat. 27; Apollod. 3.10.3; Schol. ad Eurip. Alcest.; Hygin. P. A. 2.14; Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. 3.96.) The story of the Cretan Glaucus and Polyidus was a favourite subject with the ancient poets and artists; it was not only represented in mimic dances (Lucian, de Saltat. 49), but Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides made it the subject of separate dramatic compositions. (Welcker, Die Griech. Tragoed. vol. i. pp. 62, 416, vol. ii. p. 767, &c.)
7. Of Anthedon in Boeotia, a fisherman, who had the good luck to eat a part of the divine herb which Cronos had sown, and which made Glaucus immortal. (Ath. 7.295; Claud. de Nupt. Mar. 10.158.) His parentage is different in the different traditions, which are enumerated by Athenaeus; some called his father Copeus, others Polybus, the husband of Euboea, and others again Anthedon or Poseidon. He was further said to have been a clever diver, to have built the ship Argo, and to have accompanied the Argonauts as their steersman. In the sea-fight of Jason against the Tyrrhenians, Glaucus alone remained unhurt; he sank to the bottom of the sea, where he was visible to none save to Jason. From this moment he became a marine deity, and was of service to the Argonauts. The story of his sinking or leaping into the sea was variously modified in the different traditions. (Bekker, Anecdot. p. 347; Schol. ad Plat. de Leg. x. p. 611.) There was a belief in Greece that once in every year Glaucus visited all the coasts and islands, accompanied by marine monsters, and gave his prophecies. (Paus. 9.22.6.) Fishermen and sailors paid particular reverence to him, and watched his oracles, which were believed to be very trustworthy. The story of his various loves seems to have been a favourite subject with the ancient poets, and many of his l06e adventures are related by various writers. The place of his abode varies in the different traditions, but Aristotle stated that he dwelt in Delos, where, in conjunction with the nymphs, he gave oracles; for his prophetic power was said by some to be even greater than that of Apollo, who is called his disciple in it. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. 1.1310; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 753; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 271; Ov. Met. 13.904, &c.; Serv. ad Virg. Georg. 1.437, Aen. 3.420, 5.832, 6.36; Strab. p. 405.) A representation of Glaucus is described by Philostratus (Imag 1.15): he was seen as a man whose hair and beard were dripping with water, with bristly eye-brows, his breast covered with sea-weeds, and the lower part of the body ending in the tail of a fish. (For further descriptions of his appearance, see Nonn. Dionys. 13.73, 35.73, 39.99; Schol. ad Eurip. Orest. 318, 364 ; Stat. Silv. 3.2, 36, Theb. 7.335, &c.; Vell. 2.83.) This deified Glaucus was likewise chosen by the Greek poets as the subject of dramatic compositions (Welcker, Die Aeschyl. Trilogie, pp. 311, &c., 471, &c., Nachtrag, p. 176, &c.), and we know from Velleius Paterculus that the mimus Plancus represented this marine daemon on the stage. [L.S]
(Γλαῦκος), the son of Epicydes, a Lacedaemonian, of whom an anecdote is related by Herodotus (6.86) that in consequence of his having the highest reputation for justice, a Milesian deposited with him a large sum of money; but when, many years afterwards, the sons of the owner came to demand back their property, Glaucus refused to give up the money, and disclaimed all knowledge of the transaction. Before, however, he ventured to confirm his falsehood by an oath, he consulted the oracle at Delphi, and, terrified at the answer he received, immediately restored the deposit. But the god did not suffer the meditated perjury to go unpunished, and the whole family of Glaucus was exterminated before the third generation. The same story is alluded to by Pausanias (2.18.2, 8.7.4), and by Juvenal (13.199). [E.H.B]
(Γλαύκος).
1. Of Athens; and 2. of Nicopolis, poets of the Greek Anthology, whose epigrams seem to have been confounded together. The Anthology contains six epigrams, of which the 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 5th are simply inscribed Γλαύκου, the 3rd, Γλαύκου Ἀθηναίου, and the 6th, Γλαύκου Νικοπολίτα. From internal evidence, Jacobs thinks that the 1st and 2nd belong to Glaucus of Nicopolis, and that the 3rd, 4th, and 5th were written by one poet, probably by Glaucus of Athens. These latter three are descriptions of works of art. Perhaps all the epigrams should be ascribed to Glaucus of Athens. (Brunck. Anal. vol. ii. pp. 347, 348; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. iii. pp. 57, 58, vol. xiii. p. 898; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p. 122, vol. iv. p. 476.)
3. A Locrian, who is mentioned as one of the writers on cookery (ὀφαρτυτικά, Athen. 7.324a., ix. p. 369b., xii. p. 516c., xiv. p. 661e.; Pollux, 6.10.)
4. Of Rhegium, sometimes mentioned merely as of Italy, wrote on the ancient poets and musicians (σύγγραμμά τι περὶ τῶν ἀρχαίων ποιητῶν τε καὶ μουσικῶν, Plut. de Music. 4, p. 1132e.). Diogenes Laertius quotes statements of his respecting Empedocles and Democritus, and says that he was contemporary with Democritus (8.52, 9.38). Glaucus is also quoted in the argument to the Persae of Aeschylus. (Γλαῦκος ἐν τοῖς περὶ Αἰσχύλου μύθων.) His work was also ascribed to the orator Antiphon. (Plut. Vit. X. Orat. p. 833d.)
5. A sophist and hierophant of the Eleusinian mysteries. (Philostrat. de Sophist. 2.20, p. 601 )
6. A writer on the geography and antiquities of Arabia, often quoted by Stephanus Byzantinus, who calls his work sometimes Ἀραβικὴ ἀρχαιολογία, and sometimes Ἀραβικά (s. v. Αί͂λανον, Γέα, &c.; Vossius, de Hist. Graec. pp. 443-4, ed. Westermann.) [P.S]
(Γλαῦκος), of Carystus, the son of Demylos, was one of the most celebrated Grecian athletes. He was a περιοδονίκης, having gained one Olympic, two Pythian, eight Nemean, and eight Isthmian victories in boxing. It is said that while stilt a boy, he refixed a ploughshare which had dropped out of its place by the allows of his fist, without the help of a hammer. His state at Olympia was made by Glaucias of Aegina. (Müller, Aeginet. 3.4. p. 103; Krause, Olymp. p. 292.) [P.S].
(Γλαῦκος), artists.
1. Of Chios, a statuary in metal, distinguished as the inventor of the art of soldering metals (κόλλησις). His most noted work was an iron base (ὑποκρητηρίδιον, Herod.; ὑπόθημα, Paus.), which, with the silver bowl it supported, was presented to the temple at Delphi by Alyattes, king of Lydia. (Hdt. 1.25.) This base was seen by Pausanias, who describes its construction (10.16.1), and by Athenaeus (v. p. 210b. c.), who says that it was chased with small figures of animals, insects, and plants. Perhaps it is this passage that has led Meyer (Kunstgeschichte, vol. ii. p. 24) and others into the mistake of explaining κόλλησις as that kind of engraving on steel which we call damascene work. There is no doubt that it means a mode of uniting metals by a solder or cement, without the help of the nails, hooks, or doyetails (δεσμοί), which were used before the invention of Glaucus. (Pausan. l.c.; Müiller, in Böttiger's Amalthea, vol. iii. p. 25.) Plutarch also speaks of this base as very celebrated. (De Defect. Orac. 47, p. 436a.) The skill of Glaucus passed into a proverb, Γλαύκου τέχνη. (Schol. ad Plat. Phaed. p. 13, Ruhnken, pp. 381-2, Bekker.)
Stephanus Byzantinus (s. v. Αἰθάλη) calls Glaucus a Samian. The fact is, that Glaucus belonged to the Samian school of art.
Glaucus is placed by Eusebius (Chron. Arm.) at Ol. 22, 2 (B. C. 691/0). Alyattes reigned B. C. 617 --560. But the dates are not inconsistent, for there is nothing in Herodotus to exclude the supposition that the iron base had been made some time before Alyattes sent it to Delphi.
2. Of Lemnos, a distinguished statuary (Steph. Byz. s. v. Αἰθάλη), is perhaps the same as the former, for several of the Samian school of artists wrought in Lemnos.
3. Of Argos, was the statuary who, in conjunction with Dionysius, made the works which Smicythus dedicated at Olympia. Glaucus made the statues of Iphitus crowned by Ececheiria (the goddess of truces), of Amphitrite, of Poseidon, and of Vesta, which Pausanias calls "the greater offerings of Smicythus." Dionysius made "the lesser offerings." (Paus. 5.26. §§ 2-6. [Dionysius.] [P.S]
(Γλαῦκος).
1. Called by Arrian (Arr. Anab. 7.14) Glaucias (Γλαυκίας), the name of the physician who attended on Hephaestion at the time of his death, B. C. 325, and who is said the to have been either crucified or hanged by Alexander, for his ill success in treating him. (Plut. Alex. 100.72.)
2. Another physician of the same name at Alexandria, who is said to have informed Q. Dellius of a plot formed against him by Cleopatra, probably B. C. 31. (Plut. Ant. 100.59.)
3. Another physician of the same name, is quoted by Asclepiades Pharmacion (ap. Galen, De Compos. Medicam. sec. Loc. 4.7, vol. xii. p. 743.), and lived in or before the first century after Christ.
4. A physician, about the end of the first century after Christ, mentioned by Plutarch as a contemporary in his treatise De Sanitate Tuenda (init.).
GLAUCUS (Γλαῦκος). There are no less than four rivers of this name in Asia Minor: 1. A tributary of the Phasis in Colchis, now called Tchorocsou. (Strab. 11. p. 498; Plin. Nat. 6.4.) 2. One of the two small rivers by the union of which the Apsorrhus or Acampsis, in Pontus, is formed. (Ptol. 5.6.7.) 3. A tributary of the Maeander in Phrygia, not far from Eumeneia. (Plin. Nat. 5.29.) There are coins with the name of this river. (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 157.) 4. A river in Lycia, on the frontier of Caria, which empties itself into the bay of Telmissus, whence that bay is sometimes called Sinus Glaucus. (Plin. Nat. 6.29; Quint. Smyrn. Posthom. 4.6, foil.; Strab. 14. p. 651.) The modern name of the bay is Makri. Steph. B. mentions a δῆμος Γλαύκου, which was probably a place on the banks of the river.
[L.S]GLAUCUS a river of Achaia. [ACHAIA 13b.]
(Γλαῦκος). (1) A sea deity, probably only another form of Poseidon, whose son he is, according to some accounts. Like the marine gods in general, he had the gift of prophecy; and we find him appearing to the Argonauts (Apoll. Rh. i. 1310 foll.), and to Menelaüs (Eurip. Orest. 356 foll.), and telling them what had happened, or what was to happen. In later times sailors were continually making reports of his soothsaying (Pausan. ix. 22). Some said that he dwelt with the Nereides at Delos, where he gave responses to all who sought them. According to others, he visited each year all the isles and coasts, with a train of monsters of the deep (κήτεα), and, unseen, foretold in the Aeolic dialect all kinds of evil. The fishermen watched for his approach, and endeavoured by fastings, prayer, and fumigations to avert the ruin with which his prophecy menaced the fruits and cattle. At times he was seen among the waves, and his body appeared covered with mussels, seaweed, and stones. He was heard evermore to lament his fate in not being able to die (Plato Rep. x. 611). This last circumstance refers to the common legendary history of Glaucus. He was a fisherman, it is said (Pausan. l. c.; Ovid, Met. xiii. 904 foll.), of Anthedon, in Boeotia. Observing one day the fish which he had caught and thrown on the grass to bite it, and then to jump into the sea, his curiosity incited him to taste it also. Immediately on his doing so he followed their example, and thus became a sea-god. Another account made him to have obtained his immortality by tasting the grass, which had revived a hare he had run down in Aetolia. He was also said to have built and steered the Argo, and to have been made a god of the sea by Zeus during the voyage. An account of the story of his love for Scylla will be found under Scylla. See Gädecken, Glaukos, der Meeresgott (Göttingen, 1860).
(2) A son of Sisyphus, king of Corinth, by Mero pé, the daughter of Atlas, born at Potniae, a village of Boeotia. According to one account, he restrained his mares from having intercourse with the stallions; upon which Aphrodité inspired the former with such fury that they tore his body to pieces as he returned from the games which Adrastus had celebrated in honour of his father. Another version of the story makes them to have run mad after eating a certain plant at Potniae (Etymol. Mag. s. v. Ποτνιάδες; Hyg. Fab. 250; Georg. iii. 268).
(3) A son of Minos and Pasiphaë, who, when a child, pursuing a mouse, fell into a vessel of honey and was smothered. His father, ignorant of his fate, consulted the oracle to know where he was, and received for answer that there was a three-coloured cow in his herd, and that he who could best tell what she was like could restore his son to life. The soothsayers were all assembled, and Polyidus, the son of Coiranus, said that her colour was that of the berry of the briar, green, red, and, lastly, black. Minos thereupon desired him to find his son; and Polyidus, by his skill in divination, discovered where he was. Minos then ordered him to restore him to life; and, on his declaring his incapacity so to do, shut him up in a chamber with the body of his child. While here, the soothsayer saw a serpent approach the body, and he struck and killed it. Another immediately appeared, and seeing the first one dead, retired, and came back soon after with a plant in its mouth, and laid it on the dead one, which instantly came to life. Polyidus, by employing the same herb, recovered the child. Minos, before he let him depart, insisted on his communicating his art to Glaucus. He did so, but as he was taking leave he desired his pupil to spit into his mouth. Glaucus obeyed, and lost the recollection of all he had learned (Apollod.iii. 3. 1). Hyginus makes him to have been restored to life by Aesculapius (Poet. Astron. ii. 14).
(4) The grandson of Bellerophontes, and son of Hippolochus, prince of the Lycians. With his kinsman Sarpedon, he was leader of the Lycian auxiliaries of Priam, and met Diomedes in the mêlée. The two chieftains recognized each other as friends and guests of their grandfather Bellerophontes and Oeneus, and exchanged armour, Glaucus parting with his golden suit for the brazen arms of Diomedes. When the Greek intrenchments were stormed, Glaucus had reached the top of the wall when he was put to flight by an arrow shot by Teucer. He protected Hector when wounded by Achilles; with Apollo's aid he avenged Sarpedon, and took a prominent part in the struggle for the body of Patroclus. He finally met his death at the hand of Aias.
- Paus. 10.4.7
- a fisherman turned into sea-demon by eating a grass: Paus. 6.10.1, Paus. 9.22.7
- his Leap: Paus. 9.22.6
- his beard: Paus. 10.4.7
- invents wedding of iron: Paus. 10.16.1, Hdt. 1.25
- father of boxer Philo: Paus. 6.9.9
- Paus. 5.26.2, 4, 6
- Paus. 7.18.2
- king of Messenia, his piety: Paus. 4.3.9
- teaches Dorians to worship Zeus on Ithome: Paus. 4.3.9
- Paus. 10.27.3, saved by Ulysses and Menelaus: Apollod. E.5.21
- a Carystian, Olympic victor: Paus. 6.10.1-3
- island of G. Paus. 6.10.3
- a Spartan; story of his attempted fraud told by Leutychides at Athens: Hdt. 6.86
- warned by Pythian priestess against perjury: Paus. 2.18.2, Paus. 8.7.8
- ancestor of a Lycian dynasty: Hdt. 1.47
- son of Hippolochus, leader of the Lycians: Apollod. E.3.34
- exchanges arms with Diomedes: Apollod. E.4.1
- killed by Ajax: Apollod. E.5.3
- Apollod. 3.1.2
- drowned in a jar of honey: Apollod. 3.2.2
- brought to life by a magic herb: Apollod. 3.3.1
- taught the art of divination by Polyidus, but forgets it: Apollod. 3.3.1
- raised from the dead by Aesculapius: Apollod. 3.10.3
- Apollod. 3.12.5
- father of Bellerophon: Paus. 2.4.3, Apollod. 2.2.2, Apollod. 1.9.2
- killed by his horses: Paus. 6.20.19
- Apollod. E.7.25