Horae

(Ὧραι), originally the personifications or goddesses of the order of nature and of the seasons, but in later times they were regarded as the goddesses of order in general and of justice. In Homer, who neither mentions their parents nor their number, they are the Olympian divinities of the weather and the ministers of Zeus; and in this capacity they guard the doors of Olympus, and promote the fertility of the earth, by the various kinds of weather they send down. (Od. 24.343; comp. 10.469, 19.132, Il. 5.749, 8.393 ) As the weather, generally speaking, is regulated according to the seasons, they are further described as the goddesses of the seasons, i. e. the regular phases under which Nature manifests herself. (Od. 2.107, 10.469, 11.294, 19.152, 24.141.) They are kind and benevolent, bringing to gods and men many things that are good and desirable. (Il. 21.450; comp. Hymn. in Apoll. Pyth. 16; Theocrit. 15.105; Ov. Fast. 1.125.) As, however, Zeus has the power of gathering and dispersing the clouds, they are in reality only his ministers, and sometimes also those of Hera. (Il. 8.433; comp. Moschus, Idyll. 2.160; Paus. 5.11.2.) Men in different circumstances regard the course of time (or the seasons) either as rapid or as slow, and both epithets are accordingly applied to the Horae. (Theocr. 15.104; Pind. N. 4.34; Horat. (Carm. 4.7. 8; Ov. Met. 2.118.) The course of the seasons (or hours) is symbolically described by the dance of the Horae; and, in conjunction with the Charites, Hebe, Harmonia, and Aphrodite, they accompany the songs of the Muses, and Apollo's play on the lyre, with their dancing. (Hom. Hymn. in Apoll. Pyth. 16, &c.; Pind. O. 4.2; Xen. Sympos. 7.) The Homeric notions continued to be entertained for a long time afterwards, the Horae being considered as the givers of the various seasons of the year, especially of spring and autumn, i. e. of Nature in her bloom and maturity. At Athens two Horae, Thallo (the Hora of spring) and Carpo (the Hora of autumn), were worshipped from very early ties. (Paus. 9.35.1; comp. Athen. 14.636; Ov. Met. 2.1118, &c.; V. Fl. 4.92; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 10.1.) The Hora of spring accompanies Persephone every year on her ascent from the lower world; and the expression of "The chamber of the Horae opens " is equivalent to " The spring is coining." (Orph. Hymn. 42.7; Pind. Fragm. 45.13, p. 576, ed. Bocckh.) The attributes of spring-flowers, fragrance, and graceful freshness-are accordingly transferred to the Horae; thus they adorned Aphrodite as she rose from the sea, made a garland of flowers for Pandora, and even inanimate things are described as deriving peculiar charms from the Horae. (Hom. Hymn. 8.5, &c.; Hes. Op. 65; Hygin. Poet. Astr. 2.5; Theocr. 1.150; Athen. 2.60.) Hence they bear a resemblance to and are mentioned along with the Charites, and both are frequently confounded or identified. (Paus. 2.17.4; Müller, Orchom. p. 176, &100.2nd edit.) As they were conceived to promote the prosperity of every thing that grows, they appear also as the protectresses of youth and newly-born gods (Paus. 2.13.3; Pind. P. 9.62; Philostr. Imag. 1.26; Nonnus, Dionys. 11.50); and the Athenian youths, on being admitted along the ephebi, mentioned Thallo, among other gods, in the oath they took in the temple of Agraulos. (Pollux, 8.106.)

In this, as in many other cases of Greek mythology, a gradual transition is visible, from purely physical to ethical notions, and the influence which the Horae originally had on nature was subsequently transferred to human life in particular. The first trace of it occurs even in Hesiod, for he describes them as giving to a state good laws, justice, and peace; he calls them the daughters of Zeus and Themis, and gives them the significant names of Eunomia, Dice, and Eirene. Theog. 901, &c.; Apollod. 1.3.1; Diod. 5.72.) But the ethical and physical ideas are not always kept apart, and both are often mixed up with each other, as in Pindar. (Ol. 4.2, 13.6, Nem. 4.34; Orph. Hymn. 42.) The number of the Horae is different in the different writers, though the most ancient number seems to have been two, as at Athens (Paus. 3.18.7, 9.35.1); but afterwards their common number is three, like that of the Moerae and Charites. Hyginus (Hyg. Fab. 183) is in great confusion respecting the number and names of the Horae, as he mixes up the original names with surnames, and the designations of separate seasons or hours. In this manner he first makes out a list of ten Horae, viz. Titanis, Auxo, Eunomia, Pherusa, Carpo, Dice, Euporia, Eirene, Orthosia, and Thallo, and a second of eleven, Auge, Anatole, Musia, Gymnasia, Nymphes, Mesembria, Sponde, Telete, Acme, Cypridos, Dysis. The Horae (Thallo and Carpo) were worshipped at Athens, and their temple there also contained an altar of Dionysus Orthus (Athen. 2.38; comp. xiv. p. 656; Hesych. s.v. ὥραια); they were likewise worshipped at Argos (Paus. 2.20.4), Corinth, and Olympia(5.15.3). In works of art the H orae were represented as blooming maidens, carrying the different products of the seasons. (Hirt. Mythol. Bilderb. ii. p. 122.) [L.S]

(Ὧραι). The goddesses of order in nature, who cause the seasons to change in their regular course, and all things to come into being, blossom, and ripen at the appointed time. In Homer, who gives them neither genealogy nor names, they are mentioned as handmaidens of Zeus, intrusted with the guarding of the gates of heaven and Olympus—in other words, with watching the clouds. Hesiod calls them the daughters of Zeus and Themis, who watch over the field operations of mankind; their names are Eunomia (Good Order), Diké (Justice), and Irené (Peace), names which show that the divinities of the three ordinary seasons of the world of nature—Spring, Summer, and Winter—are also, as daughters of Themis, appointed to superintend the moral world of human life. This is especially the case with Diké, who is the goddess who presided over legal order, and, like Themis, was enthroned by the side of Zeus. According to Hesiod, she immediately acquaints him with all unjust judicial decisions, so that he may punish them. In the tragic poets she is mentioned with the Erinyes, and as a divinity who is relentless and stern in exacting punishment. (See Astraea.) At Athens, two Horae were honoured —Thallo, the goddess of the flowers of spring; and Carpo, the goddess of the fruits of summer. Nevertheless the Horae were also recognized as four in number, distinguished by the attributes of the seasons. They were represented as delicate, joyous, lightly moving creatures, adorned with flowers and fruits, and, like the Graces, often associated with other divinities, such as Aphrodité, Apollo, and Helios. As the Hora specially representing spring, we have Chloris, the wife of Zephyrus, and goddess of flowers, identified by the Romans with Flora (q.v.).