Saturninus
- a Roman surname. So esp. L. Appuleius Saturninus, a tribune of the people A.U.C. 654; who, with C. Servilius Glaucia, was pronounced guilty of treason and put to death, Cic. Rab. Perd. 6, 18; id. Brut. 62, 224; id. Cat. 1, 2, 4; id. Mil. 5, 14; Suet. Aug. 27; id. Calig. 38; Mart. 4, 11, 2.
Arabes ‥ planetas nativitatum dominos vocant; unde a Saturno ~i, a Jove Joviales et sic deinceps ab eis dicuntur. qui nascitur ergo secundum eos sub Saturno, cum Saturnus sit obscurus, asper et gravis, erit melancolicus, avarus, in longinquis et frigidis locis peregrinus ‥
premisit ‥ ~a domus Antichristi discipulos fautores mendacii, ut magistrum precederent, Jacobinos sc. predicatores suos
cave ‥ ne haurias odorem ~um, quia toxicum est
artists.
1. One of the great gem-engravers of the age of Augustus. There is a beautiful cameo by him, engraved with the portrait of the younger Antonia, the wife of Drusus, and inscribed with the word ξΑΤΟΠΝΘΙΝΟΥ, in very fine characters. The gem formerly belonged to the Arcieri family at Rome, and afterwards to the late queen of Naples, Caroline Murat. (R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 153, 2d ed.).
2. Among the artists of the age of the Antonines, Müller mentions, on the authority of Appuleius (de Magia, p. 66, ed. Bipont.), a skilful wood-carver, named Saturninus, of Oea, in Africa. (Miller, Archäol. d. Kunst, § 204, n. 5.)
3. P. Lucretius, a silver-chaser, only known by a Roman inscription. (Doni, Inscript. p. 319, No. 12; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 401, 2d ed.) [P.S]
one of the thirty tyrants enumerated by Trebellius Pollio [see Aureolus], by whom we are told that he was the best of all the generals of his day, and much beloved by Valerian, that disgusted by the debauchery of Gallienus, he accepted from the soldiers the title of emperor, and that, after having displayed much energy during the period of his sway, he was put to death by the troops, who could not endure the sternness of his discipline. Not one word, however, is said of the country in which these events took place. (Trebell. Poll. Trig. Tyr. 22.) [W.R]
a native of Gaul, whose biography has been written by Vopiscus, distinguished himself so highly by military achievements in his native country, in Spain and Africa, that he was regarded as one of the most able officers in the empire, and was appointed by Aurelian commander of the Eastern frontier, with express orders that he should never visit Egypt, for it was feared that the presence of an active and ambitious Gaul among a population notorious for turbulence and violence might lead to disorder or insurrection. The far-seeing sagacity of this injunction was fully proved, for when, at a later period, during the reign of Probus, Saturninus entered Alexandria, the crowd at once saluted him as Augustus. Flying from such a dangerous compliment, he returned to Syria; but concluding, upon reflection, that his safety was already compromised, with great reluctance he permitted himself to be invested with a purple robe stripped from a statue of Venus, and in that attire, surrounded by his troops, received the adoration of the crowd. He was eventually slain by the soldiers of Probus, although the emperor would willingly have spared his life. (Vopiscus, Saturn.) [W.R]
A medal in third brass has been described by Banduri, which, if genuine, cannot, according to the most skilful numismatologists, be ascribed to an epoch earlier than the age of the sons of Constantine, and must therefore commemorate the usurpation of some pretender with regard to whom history is altogether silent. The piece in question exhibits on the obverse a rayed head with the words IMP. CAE. SATVRNINVS AV. ; on the reverse a soldier stabbing an enemy who has fallen from his horse, with FEL. TEM. REPARATIO, a legend which appears for the first time on the coins of Constans and Constantius. (Eckhel, vol. viii. pp. 111-113.) [W.R]
composed some poems disrespectful to the emperor Tiberius, and was in consequence condemned by the senate, and hurled down from the Capitol. (D. C. 57.22.)
praefectus praetorio under Septimius Severus, was slain by Plautianus, the all-powerful favourite of the emperor. (D. C. 75.14.)
mentioned in a letter of Cicero (Cic. Att. 5.1.2).
governor of Upper Germany in the reign of Domitian, raised a rebellion against that emperor from motives of personal hatred, A. D. 91. A sudden inundation of the Rhine prevented Saturninus from receiving the assistance of the barbarians which had been promised him, and he was in consequence conquered without difficulty by L. Appius Maximus, the general of Domitian. Maximus burnt all the letters of Antonius, that others might not be implicated in the revolt; but Domitian did not imitate the magnanimity of his general, for he seized the pretext to put various persons to death along with Saturninus, and sent their heads to be exposed on the Rostra at Rome. It is related that the victory over Antonius was announced at Rome on the same day on which it was fought. As to the variations in the name of L. Appius Maximus in the different writers see Maximus, p. 986b. (D. C. 67.11; Suet. Dom. 6, 7 ; Aurel. Vict. Epit. 11 ; Mart. 4.11, 9.85; Plut. Aemil. Paul. 25.)
the governor of Moesia at the death of Nero, repulsed the Sarmatians, who had invaded the province, and was in consequence rewarded by a triumphal statue at the commencement of Otho's reign. In the struggle between Vitellius and Vespasian for the empire, he first espoused the cause of the former, but afterwards declared himself in favour of the latter, and crossed the Alps to join Antonius Primus in northern Italy. But Primus, who was anxious to obtain the supreme command, excited a mutiny of the soldiers against Saturninus, and compelled him to fly from the camp. Tacitus calls him a consular, which we might infer from his being Legatus of Moesia, but his name does not occur in the Fasti. (Tac. Hist. 1.79, 2.85, 96, 3.5, 9, 11.)
1. C. Appuleius Saturninus, was one of the commissioners sent by the senate in B. C. 168 to inquire into and settle the disputes between the Pisani and Lunenses. (Liv. 45.13.)
2. Appuleius Saturninus, praetor B. C. 166, is probably the same person as the L. Appuleius who was appointed in B. C. 173 one of the commissioners for dividing certain lands in Liguria and Gaul among the citizens and Latins. (Liv. 45.44, comp. 42.4.)
3. L. Appuleius Saturninus, the celebrated demagogue, was probably a grandson of the preceding. He possessed considerable powers of oratory, but was of a loose and dissolute character ; and he might probably have passed through life much like most other Roman nobles, had he not received an insult from the senate at the commencement of his public career, which rankled in his breast and made him a furious opponent of the aristocratical party. In his quaestorship, B. C. 104, he was stationed at Ostia, and as Rome was suffering at that time from a scarcity of corn, and the senate thought that Saturninus did not make sufficient exertions to supply the city, they superseded him and entrusted the provisioning of the capital to M. Scaurus Diod. Exc. xxxvi. p. 608, ed. Wess.; Cic. pro Sest. 17, de Harusp. Resp. 20). Saturninus forthwith threw himself into the foremost ranks of the democratical party, and entered into a close alltance with Marius and his friends. He soon acquired great popularity, and was elected tribune of the plebs for the year B. C. 102. We have scarcely any accounts of his conduct in his first tribunate; but he did enough to earn the hatred of the aristocracy, and accordingly Metellus Numidicus, who was at that time censor, endeavored to expel him from the senate on the ground of immorality, but was prevented from carrying his purpose into execution by the opposition of his colleague. Saturninus vowed vengeance against Metellus, which he was soon able to gratify by the assistance of Marius, who was also a personal enemy of Metellus. He resolved to become a candidate for the tribunate for the year B. C. 100. At the same time Glaucia, who next to Saturninus was the greatest demagogue of the day, offered himself as a candidate for the praetorship, and Marius for the consulship. If they all three carried their elections, the power of the state, they thought, would be in their hands ; they might easily ruin Meteilus, and crush the aristocracy. But in the midst of these projects Saturninus was nearly ruined by a skilful movement of his enemies. In the course of B. C. 101, and before the comitia for the election of the magistrates for the ensuing year were held, the ambassadors of Mithridates appeared at Rome, bringing with them large sums of money for the purpose of bribing the leading senators. As soon as this became known to Saturninus, lie not only attacked the senators with the utmost vehemence, but heaped the greatest insults upon the ambassadors. Upon the latter complaining of this violation of the law of nations, the senate eagerly availed themselves of the opportunity, and brought Saturninus to trial for the offence he had committed. As the judices at that time consisted exclusively of senators, his condemnation appeared certain. Saturninus in the utmost alarm put on the dress of a suppliant, and endeavoured by his appearance, as well as by his words, to excite the commiseration of the people. In this he completely succeeded the people regarded him as a martyr to their cause, and on the day of his trial assembled in such crowds around the court, that the judices were overawed, and contrary to general expectation pronounced a verdict of acquittal (Diod. Exc. p. 631, ed. Wess). In the comitia which soon followed, Marius was elected consul and Glaucia praetor, but Saturninus was not equally successful. He lost his election chiefly through the exertions of A. Nonius, who distinguished himself by his vehement attacks upon Glaucia and Saturninus, and was chosen in his stead. But Nonius paid dearly for his honour, for in the same evening he was murdered by the emissaries of Glaucia and Saturninus ; and early the following morning before the forum was full, Saturninus was chosen to fill up the vacancy. As soon as he had entered upon his tribunate (B. C. 100), he brought forward an agrarian law for dividing the lands in Gaul, which had been lately occupied by the Cimbri, and added to the law a clause, that, if it was enacted by the people, the senate should swear obedience to it within five days. and that whoever refused to do so should be expelled from the senate, and pay a line of twenty talents. This clause was specially aimed at Metellus, who, it was well known, would refuse to obey the requisition. But in order to make sure of a refusal on the part of Metellus, Marius rose in the senate and declared that he would never take the oath, and Metellus made the same declaration ; but when the law had been passed, and Saturninus summoned the senators to the rostra to comply with the demands of the law, Marius, to the astonishment of all, immediately took the oath, and advised the senate to follow his example. Metellus alone refused compliance; and on the following day Saturninus sent his viator to drag the ex-censor out of the senate-house. Not content with his victory, he brought forward a bill to punish him with exile. The friends of Metellus were ready to take up arms in his defence; but Metellus declined their assistance, and withdrew privately from the city. Saturninus brought forward other popular measures, of which our information is very scanty. He proposed a Lex Frumentaria, by which the state was to sell corn to the people at 5-6ths of an as for the modius (Auctor, ad Herenn. 1.12), and also a law for founding new colonies in Sicily, Achaia, and Macedonia (Aurel. Vict. de Vir. Ill. 73 ; comp. Cic. pro Balb. 21). In the comitia for the election of the magistrates for the following year, Saturninus obtained the tribunate for the third time, and along with him there was chosen a certain Equitius, a runaway slave, who pretended to be a son of Tib. Gracchus. Glaucia was at the same time a candidate for the consulship; the two other candidates were M. Antonius and C. Memmius. The election of Antonius was certain, and the struggle lay between Glaucia and Memmius. As the latter seemed likely to carry his election, Saturninus and Glaucia hired some ruffians who murdered him openly in the comitia. All sensible people had previously become alarmed at the mad conduct of Saturninus and his associates; and this last act produced a complete reaction against him. The senate felt themselves now sufficiently strong to declare them public enemies, and ordered the consuls to put them down by force. Marius was unwilling to act against his associates, but he had no alternative, and his backwardness was compensated by the zeal of others. Driven out of the forum, Saturninus, Glaucia, and the quaestor Saufeius took refuge in the Capitol, but the partisans of the senate cut off the pipes which supplied the Capitol with water, before Marius began to move against them. Unable to hold out any longer, they surrendered to Marius. The latter did all he could to save their lives : as soon as they descended from the Capitol, he placed them for security in the Curia Hostilia, but the mob pulled off the tiles of the senate-house, and pelted them with the tiles till they died. The senate gave their sanction to these proceedings by rewarding with the citizenship a slave of the name of Scaeva, who claimed the honour of having killed Saturninus. Nearly forty years after these events, the tribune T. Labienus, accused an aged senator Rabirius, of having been the murderer of Saturninus. An account of this trial is given elsewhere. [POSTUMUS, C. RABIRIUS.] (Appian, App. BC 1.28-32; Plut. Mar. 28_30 ; Liv. Epit. 69 ; Oros. 5.17; Flor. 3.16; Veil. Pat. 2.12; V. Max. 9.7.3; Cic. Brut. 62, pro Sest. 47, pro C. Rabir. passim).
4. L. Appuleius Saturninus, was propraetor of Macedonia in B. C. 58, when Cicero visited the province after his banishment front Rome. Although a friend of Cicero, he did not venture to show him any marks of attention for fear of displeasing the ruling party at Rome. It was only his quaestor Plancius who openly espoused the cause of the exile. This Saturninus was a native of Atina, and was the first native of that praefectura who had obtained a curule office. (Cic. pro Planc. 8, 11, 41.)
5. Cn. Appuleius Saturninus, the son of No. 4, was present at the trial of Cn. Plancius, in B. C. 54. During Cicero's absence in Cilicia, B. C. 50, he was accused by Cn. Domitius, as Caelius writes to Cicero (Cic. pro Planc. 8, 12, ad Fam. 3.14). He is also mentioned by Cicero in B. C. 43, as the heres of Q. Turius (ad Fam. 12.26). This Saturninus is probably the same as the one of whom Valerius Maximus tells a scandalous tale (9.1.8).
a jurist from whose Liber Singularis de Poenis Paganorum there is a single excerpt in the Digest (50. tit. 19. s. 16). In the Florentine Index the work is attributed to Venuleius Saturninus, an error which, as it has been observed, has manifestly originated in the title to the fifteenth excerpt of lib. 50. tit. 19. Two rescripts of Antoninus Pins are addressed to Claudius Saturninus (Dig. 20. tit. 3. s. 1.2, 50. tit. 7. s. 4). Saturninus was praetor under the Divi Fratres (Dig. 17. tit. 1. s. 6.7). A rescript of Hadrian on the excusatio of a minor annis xxv. who had been appointed (datus) tutor to an adfinis, is addressed to Claudius Saturninus, legatus Belgicae ; and there is no chronological impossibility in assuming him to be the jurist.
Grotius maintains that the Q. Saturninus who wrote, at least, ten books Ad Edictum (Dig. 34. tit. 2. s. 19.7), is a different person from the author of the treatise De Poenis Paganorum. A Saturninus is again mentioned in an excerpt from Ulpian (Dig. 12. tit. 2. s. 13.5). But this Quintus may be Venuleins Saturninus. (Zimmern, Geschichte des Röm. Privatrechts, i. p. 354.) [G.L]
the paedagogus, who corrupted tire daughter of Pontius Anfidianus. (V. Max. 6.1.3.)
a rhetorician mentioned in the Controversiae of the elder Seneca. (Controv. 21.)
a Roman historian of the Augustan age, quoted by Suetonius. (Aug. 27.)
ruined in the reign of Claudius through means of Suillius, as the enemies of the latter asserted. (Tac. Ann. 13.43.)
a contemporary of the younger Pliny, is praised by the latter as a distinguished orator, historian, and poet (Plin. Ep. 1.8). Several of Pliny's letters are addressed to him. (Ep. 1.8, 5.9, 7.7, 15, 9.38.)
1. C. Sentius (Saturninus), was propraetor of Macedonia during the Social war, and probably for some time afterwards. He defeated the Thracians, who had invaded his province with a large force, under their king Sothimus (Oros. 5.18, Sull. 11 ; Cic. Ver. 3.93, in Pison. 34). The exact time during which he governed Macedonia is uncertain. If the reading is correct in the Epitome of Livy (Epit. 70), he could not have been appointed later than B. C. 92, as none of the events recorded in the seventieth book were later than that year. It is said in the Epitome that he fought unsuccessfully against the Thracians, but this is probably an error. It is, at all events, clear front Plutarch (l.c.) that he was still governor of Macedonia in B. C. 88, when Sulla was in Greece. Modern writers give him the cognomon Saturninus, as it was borne by most of the other Sentii, but it does not occur in any of the ancient writers, as far as we are aware.
2. C. Sentius Saturninus, was one of the persons of distinguished rank who deserted Sex. Pompeius in B. C. 35, and passed over to Octavian (Vell. 2.77; Appian, App. BC 5.139, comp. 5.52). He is no doubt the same as the Sentius Saturninus Vetulio, who was proscribed by the triumvirs in B. C. 43, and escaped to Pompeius in Sicily (V. Max. 7.3.9). The circumstances, however, which Valerius Maximus relates respecting his escape, are told by Appian (App. BC 4.45), with reference to one Pomponius. [ Pomponius, No. 14.] Saturninus was rewarded for his desertion of Pompeius by the consulship, which he held in B. C. 19, with Q. Lucretius Vespillo. Velleius Paterculus celebrates his praises for the manner in which he carried on the government during his consulship, and for his opposition to the seditious schemes of Egnatius Rufus. [Rufus, Egnatius, No. 2.] After his consulship he was appointed to the government of Syria, in connection with which he is frequently mentioned by Josephus. He was succeeded in the government by Quintilius Varus (D. C. 54.10; Frontin. de Aquaed. 10 ; Vell. 2.92 ; J. AJ 16.10.8, 16.11.3, 17.1.1, 17.3.2, 17.5.2, B. J. 1.27.2). Josephus J. AJ 16.11.3) speaks of three sons of Saturninus, who accompanied him as legati to Syria, and who were present with their father at the trial of Herod's sons at Berytus in B. C. 6.
3. C. Sentius Saturninus, C. F. C. N., the son of No. 2. was consul A. D. 4, in which year the Lex. Aelia Sentia was passed. He was appointed by Augustus governor of Germany, and served with distinction under Tiberius, in his campaign against the Germans. He was, in consequence, rewarded by Augustus with the triumphal ornaments in A. D. 6. (Vell. 2.103, 105, 109 ; D. C. 4.28.)
4. Cn. Sentius Saturninus, consul suffectus A. D. 4, was probably likewise a son of No. 2. since the latter had, as we have already seen, three sons in Syria, who were old enough to serve as his legati. He was appointed in A. D. 19, governor of Syria, and compelled Cn. Piso by force of arms to surrender the province to him. [Piso, No. 23.] Tacitus calls the governor of Syria simply Cn. Sentius, but there can be little doubt that he is the same as the consul suffectus of A. D. 4. (Tac. Ann. 2.74, 79, 81, 3.7.)
5. Cn. Sentius Saturninus, son of No. 4, was consul A. D. 41, with the emperor Caligula, who was slain in this year. After the death of Caligula, Saturninus made a long speech in the senate against tyranny, if we may trust the account in Josephus. (J. AJ 19.2, B. J. 2.11.)
6. L. Sentius Saturninus, occurs on coins of the republican period, but it is uncertain who he was (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 305.)
is said by Lampridius (Alex. Severus, 100.68) to have been a pupil of Papinianus, and a consiliarius of Alexander Severus. There is a rescript of Alexander to Venuleius (Cod. 7. tit. 1. s. 1), and one of Antoninus (Caracalla) addressed to Saturninus in the year A. D. 213 (Cod. 5. tit. 65. s. 1); both of which may have been addressed to Venuleius Saturninus. His writings, as they are stated in the Florentine Index and appear from the excerpts in the Digest, were : -- Decem Libri Actionum, Sex Interdictorum Quatuor de Officio Proconsulis, Tres Publicorum or De Publicis Judiciis, and Novemdecem Stipulationum. The title Venul. Libri Septem Disp. (Dig. 46. tit. 7. s. 18) is manifestly erroneous, as appears from the titles of the two following extracts; and we must either read Stipulationum in place of Disputationum, or we must read Ulp. in place of Venul. The work De Poenis Paganorum is erroneously attributed to Venuleius in the Florentine Index.
There are seventy-one excerpts from Venuleius in the Digest. (Zimmern, Geschichte des Röm. Privatrechts, i. p. 379.) [G.L]
praefectus of a legion under Otho. (Tac. Hist. 1.82.)
1. L. Volusius Saturninus, consul suffectus in B. C. 12, was descended from an ancient family, none of the members of which, however, had previously obtained any higher office in the state than the praetorship. This Saturninus first accumulated the enormous wealth for which his family afterwards became so celebrated. He died in A. D. 20. (Tac. Ann. 3.30.)
2. L. Volusius Saturninus, son of the preceding, was consul suffectus, A. D. 3. He died in the reign of Nero, A. D. 56, at the age of ninety-three, having survived all the persons who were members of the senate during his consulship. It appears from Pliny that he was praefect of the city at the time of his death. The great wealth which he had inherited from his father he still further increased by economy. (Tac. Ann. 13.30, 14.56; Plin. Nat. 7.12. s. 14, 7.48. s. 49, 11.3. s. 90.)
3. Q. Volusius Saturninus, son of the preceding, was consul in A. D. 56, with P. Cornelius Scipio. His father was upwards of sixty-two years of age when he was born : his mother was a Cornelia of the family of the Scipios. He was one of three commissioners who took the census of the Gauls, in A. D. 61. (Plin. Nat. 7.12. s. 14; Tac. Ann. 13.25, 14.46.)
4. A. Volusius Saturninus, consul A. D. 87, with the emperor Domitian. (Fasti.)
5. Q. Volusius Saturninus, consul A. D. 92, with the emperor Domitian. (Fasti.)
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…morte multari, unius usuram horae gladiatori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. etenim si summi viri et clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superiorum complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt sed etiam honestarunt, certe verendum mihi…
Cicero, in Catilinam
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…senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus est permissa res publica num unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum plebis et C. Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est at vero nos vicesimum iam diem…
Cicero, in Catilinam
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…notis turpitudinis, P. Furium, accusaret summo studio bonorum omnium, queri est ausus in contione de morte Saturnini, condemnatus est, et Sex. Titius, quod habuit imaginem L. Saturnini domi suae, condemnatus est…
Cicero, pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo
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…auctoritatem, quam vocem, cuius sectam sequi, cuius imperio parere potissimum velles patruus, inquit, meus cum Saturnino fuit. quid pater quicum quid propinqui vestri, equites Romani quid omnis praefectura, regio, vicinitas vestra quid…
Cicero, pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo
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…voluerunt. ad propiora veniamus. C. Mario L. Valerio consulibus senatus rem publicam defendendam dedit L. Saturninus tribunus plebis, C. Glaucia praetor est interfectus. omnes illo die Scauri, Metelli, Claudii, Catuli…
Cicero, Philippicae
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…ausus in contione de morte Saturnini, condemnatus est, et Sex. Titius, quod habuit imaginem L. Saturnini domi suae, condemnatus est. statuerunt equites Romani illo iudicio improbum civem esse et non retinendum in civitate ,…
Cicero, pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo
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…magis erit tibi videndum ne quid novi decernatur, ut hoc nostrum desiderium ne plus sit annuum. de Annio Saturnino curasti probe. de satis dando vero te rogo, quoad eris Romae tu ut satis des. et sunt…
Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum
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…sublatis conarere pervertere, deinde sanctissimas leges, Aeliam et Fufiam dico, quae in Gracchorum ferocitate et in audacia Saturnini et in conluvione Drusi et in contentione Sulpici et in cruore Cinnano, etiam inter Sullana arma vixerunt, solus…
Cicero, in Vatinium
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…consule distribuente dantur. hic iam, ut omittam cetera, de te ipso, Labiene, quaero. Cum Saturninus Capitolium teneret armatus, esset una C. Glaucia, C. Saufeius, etiam ille ex compedibus atque ergastulo…
Cicero, pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo
(1) One of the thirty tyrants (q.v.). He was a general of Valerian, by whom he was much beloved. Disgusted by the debauchery of Gallienus, he accepted from the soldiers the title of emperor, but was put to death by the troops, who could not endure the sternness of his discipline (Trebell. Poll. Trig. Tyr. 22).
(2) A native of Gaul and an able officer, appointed by Aurelian commander of the Eastern frontier, and proclaimed emperor at Alexandria during the reign of Probus, by whose soldiers he was eventually slain (Vopisc. Saturn.).
(1) L. Apulēius, a Roman who was quaestor in B.C. 104 and tribune of the people in B.C. 102. He was closely allied with Marius and his party, and was very popular with the commons. He became a candidate for the tribuneship for the second time in B.C. 100. At the same time Glaucia, who next to Saturninus was the greatest demagogue of the day, offered himself as a candidate for the praetorship, and Marius for the consulship. Marius and Glaucia carried their elections; but A. Nonius, a partisan of the aristocracy, was chosen tribune instead of Saturninus. Nonius, however, was murdered on the same evening by the emissaries of Glaucia and Saturninus; and early the following morning Saturninus was chosen to fill the vacancy. As soon as he had entered upon his tribunate, he brought forward an agrarian law, which led to the banishment of Metellus Numidicus, as is related elsewhere. (See Metellus, 10.) Saturninus proposed other popular measures, such as a lex frumentaria, and a law for founding new colonies in Sicily, Achaia, and Macedonia. In the Comitia for the election of the magistrates for the following year, Saturninus obtained the tribunate for the third time, and along with him there was chosen a certain Equitius, a runaway slave, who pretended to be a son of Tiberius Gracchus. Glaucia was at the same time a candidate for the consulship; the two other candidates were M. Antonius and C. Memmius. The election of M. Antonius was certain, and the struggle lay between Glancia and Memmius. As the latter seemed likely to carry his election, Saturninus and Glancia hired some ruffians who murdered him openly in the comitia. This last act produced a complete reaction against Saturninus and his associates. The Senate declared them public enemies, and ordered the consuls to put them down by force. Marius was unwilling to act against his friends, but he had no alternative, and his backwardness was compensated by the zeal of others. Driven out of the Forum, Saturninus, Glaucia, and the quaestor Saufeius took refuge in the Capitol, but the partisans of the Senate cut off the pipes which supplied the Capitol with water. Unable to hold out any longer, they surrendered to Marius. The latter did all he could to save their lives: as soon as they descended from the Capitol, he placed them for security in the Curia Hostilia, but the mob pulled off the tiles of the Senate-House, and pelted them with the tiles till they died. The Senate gave their sanction to these proceedings by rewarding with the citizenship a slave of the name of Scaeva, who claimed the honour of having killed Saturninus. Nearly forty years after these events, the tribune T. Labienus accused an aged senator, Rabirius, of having been the murderer of Saturninus. See Rabirius.
(2) Claudius, a jurist from whose Liber Singularis de Poenis Paganorum there is a single excerpt in the Digest. He was praetor under Antoninus Pius.
(3) Pompeius, a contemporary of the younger Pliny , is praised by the latter as a distinguished orator, historian, and poet. Several of Pliny 's letters are addressed to him.
(4) C. Sentius, one of the persons of distinguished rank who deserted Sex. Pompeius in B.C. 35, and passed over to Octavian. He was consul in 19, and was afterwards appointed to the government of Syria. Three sons of Saturninus accompanied him as legati to Syria, and were present with their father at the trial of Herod's sons at Berytus in B.C. 6.
(5) Venuleius, a Roman jurist, is said to have been a pupil of Papinianus, and a consiliarius of Alexander Severus. There are seventy-one excerpts from his writings in the Digest.