norma

norma, ae, f. [for gnorima (cf. Gr. γνώριμος); root, gno-; cf. gnarus, nosco], a square, employed by carpenters, masons, etc., for making right angles (cf. regula).

• I Lit.: anguli ad normam respondentes, Vitr. 7, 3; 9, 2; Plin. 36, 22, 51, § 172.—
• II Trop., a rule, pattern, precept: nec sunt haec rhythmicorum aut musicorum acerrima norma dirigenda, Cic. de Or. 3, 49, 190: vitam ad certam rationis normam dirigere, id. Mur. 2, 3: numquam ego dicam Fabricium, Curtium, Coruncanium ad istorum (Stoicorum) normam fuisse sapientes, id. Lael. 5, 18: hanc normam, hanc regulam, hanc praescriptionem esse naturae, id. Ac. 2 (Luc.), 46, 140: natura norma legis est, id. Leg. 2, 24, 61: juris, id. de Or. 2, 42, 178: loquendi, Hor. A. P. 72: norma et regula oratoris, Plin. Ep. 9, 26, 8.

nōrma, ae, f. (γνωρίμη), I) das Winkelmaß, anguli ad normam respondentes, Vitr.: structuram ad normam et libellam fieri, Plin. – II) bildl., die Richtschnur, Regel, Vorschrift, Norm, vitam dirigere ad rationis normam, Cic.: iuris, Cic.: Demosthenes norma oratoris et regula, Plin. ep. – v. einer Pers., norma morum, Sidon. epist. 6, 1, 4.

norma [CL] 1 sort of instrument, carpenter’s or mason’s square. qui ‥ laboriosius ‥ operatur et crebra adpositione ~ae ac sollerti circumspectione oculorum ne tortum faciat indiget Bede Cant. 1167; ~a,rihtebred GlC N 172. 2 (transf or fig.) norm, rule, standard. normam justitiae qui servant tramite scripto Aldh. VirgV 1299; cujus quoque manus in hujus ~ae mensuram editae describuntur Lib. Monstr. I 25; ipsa [gens] ‥ ad perfectam vivendi ~am perveniret Bede HE V 22 p. 347; bis ternae que sint normae dialecticae, inqui Altercatio 71; in formam informia redigens, in ~am enormia queque reducens Gir. TH III 50 p. 195. 3 (eccl & mon.) religious or monastic rule; b (dist. acc. author). qui ‥ modum ecclesiasticae ~ae ignorat ‥ suum spiritum ‥ conteret Bede Prov. 984; consuetudinem eorum a quibus ~am disciplinae regularis didicerat Id. HE III 23 p. 175; 738 obsecro ut ‥ monasterialis ~am vitae custodire studeatis Bonif. Ep. 40; prelato nostro subjectionem et obedientiam ex corde servare debemus, aliter enim ~am quam profitemur non bene tenemus Alex. Cant. Dicta 14 p. 161; numerus monachorum ‥ ad ~am institutionis regularis compositus W. Malm. Wulfst. I 14 p. 21; cum monachus quidam, ~am abhorrens, aufugere conatus esset (Ivo) NLA II 89.  b Basilius ‥ qui regularem monasticae conversationis ~am ‥ luce clarius ad liquidum digessit Aldh. VirgP 27 p. 263; regulari itaque sancti patris Benedicti ~a [AS: regullicre ‥ rihtincge]honestissime suscepta RegulC 4; affectemus ‥ ~am ‥ Benedicti Ælf. Bata 5. 13 (v. hierarcha 4). 4 (understood as) liquid measure. ~a, wæterpund Ælf. Gl. 150.

norma, (13) æ, f. , équerre : Vitr. Arch. 7, 3 ; 9, 2 ; Plin. 36, 172 || [fig.] règle, loi : Cic. de Or. 3, 190 ; Ac. 2, 140 ; ad normam alicujus sapiens Cic. Læl. 18, sage à la mesure de qqn, sur le modèle de qqn, selon la formule de qqn, cf. Hor. S. 2, 2, 3 ; ad certam rationis normam vitam derigere Cic. Mur. 3, mener sa vie suivant une règle de doctrine inflexible.

norma , ae. f.
曲尺。矩。式樣。格式。Ad normam 照樣。Ad normam rationis 合理。

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nōrma ae, f

• GNA-, a measure, standard: ad istorum (Stoicorum) normam sapientes.—A rule, pattern, precept: vitam ad certam rationis normam dirigere: iuris: loquendi, H.

NORMA

NORMA(γωνία, Plat. Phileb. p. 51 C; γνώμων, Arist. Categ. 14), a square, used by carpenters, masons, and other artificers, to make their work rectangular (Vitr. 7.3; Plin. Nat.36.172). It was made by taking three flat wooden rulers [REGULA] of equal thickness, one of them being 2 feet 10 inches long, the others (called ancones, Vitr. 8.6) each 2 feet long, and joining them together by their extremities so as to assume the form of a right-angled triangle. (Isid. Orig. 19.18.) This method, though only a close approximation, must have been quite sufficient for all common purposes. For the sake of convenience, the longest side, i. e. the hypotenuse of the triangle, was discarded, and the instrument then assumed the form in which it is exhibited among other tools in woodcut at Vol. 1. p. 429. A square of a still more simple fashion, made by merely cutting a rectangular piece out of a board, is shown on another sepulchral monument, found at Rome and published by Gruter (p. 229), and copied in the woodcut which is here introduced.

The square was used in making the semicircular striae of Ionic columns [COLUMNA], a method founded on the proposition in Euclid, that the angle contained in a semicircle is a right angle (Vitr. 3.5.14).

From the use of this instrument a right angle was also called a normal angle. (Quintil. 11.3, p. 446, ed. Spalding.) Any thing misshapen was called abnormis. (Hor. Sat. 2.2, 3.)

A rather more elaborate norma made of iron is preserved in the Museum at Zurich. It has another leg added at right angles to the long side of the triangle at one end of it, so that angles of 45°, 90°, and 135° can be measured. (Blümner, Technol., 2. p. 236.)

[J.Y] [G.E.M]

Norma

(κανών, γωνία). A square for measuring right angles; employed by carpenters, masons, builders, etc., to prove that the angles are true (Vitruv. vii. 3; Pliny, xxxvi. 51). It was formed in two ways, either by two rules (regulae) joined together at right angles, or by a flat piece of board with a right angle cut out of it; both of which are exhibited in the illustration, from sepulchral marbles. See amussis; rubrica.