Arnobius
- An African Church father in the time of Diocletian, c. A. D. 295. His work, Adversus Gentes, is distinguished by strength and purity of diction; cf. Teuffel, Röm. Lit. § 639, 2.—
- II Arnŏbĭus (junior), ii, m., a theological author, c. A. D. 460, who wrote a Commentary on the Psalms; cf. Teuffel, Röm. Lit. § 462, 1.
a native of Africa, and sometimes called the Elder, to distinguish him from later writer of the same name, lived about the end of the third and the beginning of the fourth century of our era, in the reign of Diocletian. He was at first a teacher of rhetoric at Sicca in Africa, but afterwards, according to Jerome (Chron. ad ann. Const. M. xx.; de Vir. Illustr. 79), he was called upon in his dreams to embrace Christianity, of which he had been a zealous opponent. (Arnob. ad e. Gent. 1.39.) He accordingly became a convert, but was not admitted to baptism until he had proved his sincerity as a Christian. Works Libri septem adversus Gentes
To remove all doubts as to the reality of his conversion, he wrote, while yet a catechumen, his celebrated work against the Pagans, in seven books (Libri septem adversus Gentes), which we still possess. The time when he wrote it, is not quite certain : some assign its composition to the years A. D. 297 and 298, but it is more probable that it was written in or shortly after the year A. D. 303, since it contains some allusions (as 4.36) to the persecution of the Christians by Diocletian, which commenced in that year. The work is a vindication of Christianity, and the author first refutes the charges of the Pagans against the Christian religion, especially the one which was then frequently brought against it, that the sufferings and calamities of the times were only the fruits of Christianity. He then proceeds to prove, with great learning, acuteness, and eloquence, that polytheism is irreconcilable with good sense and reason, and tends to demoralize mankind. In the sixth book he describes the superiority of the Christian religion; and the last contains a justification of the Christian views respecting sacrifices, and a comparison of the Christian notions of the Deity and divine things with those of the Pagans.
In writing this work, Arnobius was evidently animated by a genuine zeal to establish the truth of Christianity, but was free from the eccentricity and enthusiasm of Tertullian. His style is plain and lucid; though animated and sometimes rhetorical, it is yet not free from harsh and barbarous expressions : he treats of his subject with calmness and dignity, and is on the whole a pleasing writer, and superior to his contemporaries. As regards his knowledge of Christianity, it is difficult to form a decided opinion, for it was either his intention to set forth only the main doctrines of Christianity against the pagan mythology, or he possessed but a limited knowledge of the Christian religion. The latter is indeed the more probable, since he wrote his work when yet a catechumen. What he says in his second book about the nature and immortality of the soul, is not in accordance with Christian views, but with those of the Gnostics, and at a later time would have been regarded as heretical. The Old Testament seems to have been altogether unknown to him, and he slows no acquaintance with the New, except so far as the history of Christ is concerned. In regard to heathen antiquity, on the other hand, its religion and modes of worship, the work exhibits most extensive and minute learning, and is one of our best sources of information respecting the religions of antiquity. It is for this reason that Vossius calls him the Varro of the early Christian writers. The arrangement of his thoughts is philosophical, though not always sufficiently strict. Arnobius is a writer worthy to be studied not only by theologians, but also by philologers. He is not known to have written anything besides his book against the Gentiles; there are, however, some works whlich hae sosoetimes been ascribed to him, though they manifestly belong to a later writer or writers of the same name. (See the following article.) Editions
The first edition of Arnobius appeared at Rome in 1542 or 1543. fol., and in it the Octavius of Minutius Felix is printed as the eighth book. The next was edited by S. Gelenius, Basel, 1546, 8vo. The most important among the subsequent editions are those of Antwerp (1582, 8vo., with Canter's notes), of F. Ursinus (Rome, 1583, 4to, reprinted with notes by Stewechius, Antwerp, 1604, 8vo.), D. Heraldus (Paris, 1605, 8vo.), G. Elmenhorst (Hamburg, 1610, fol.), the Variorum edition (Leyden, 1651, 4to.), and that of Prior (Paris, 1666, fol.).
It is also contained in the Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. iii. p. 430, &c., ed. Lugdun, and in Gallandi's edition, vol. iv. p. 133, &c.
The best edition of Arnobius, which contains the best notes of all the earlier commentators, is that of J. C. Orelli, Leipzig, 1816, 2 vols. 8vo., to which an appendix was published in 1817, 8vo. Further Information
Compare Baronius, ad Ann. 302; Du Pin, Noav. Bibl. des Auteurs Eccles. i. p. 203, &c. ed. 2, Paris, 1690; Cave, Hist. Lit. i. p. 112, ed. Lond.; Bähr. Die Christl. Röm. Theol. p. 65, &c. [L.S]
the Younger, is usually placed about A. D. 460, and is believed to have been a bishop or presbyter in Gaul. Works
He is known to us only as the author of one or two works of very little importance, which have sometimes been attributed to Arnobius the elder. an allegorical commentary on the Psalms
We possess under his name an allegorical commentary on the Psalms, which is inscribed to Leontius, bishop of Arles, and Rusticus, bishop of Narbonne. This commentary, though the notes are very brief, contains sufficient evidence that the author was a Semipelagian. Editions
It was first printed at Basel (1522, 4to.) together with Erasmus's commentary on Psalm ii., and was reprinted at Cologne, 1532, 8vo. A much better edition than either of these is that by L. de la Barre, Paris, 1639, 8vo., which also contains some notes by the same Arnobius on several passages of the Gospels, which had been published separately before by G. Cognant, Basel, 1543, 8vo. The commentary of Arnobius is also contained in the Bibl. Patr. (Lugdun. vol. viii.). Altercatio cum Serapione Aegyptio
There is also contained in the Bibl. Patr. (Lugdun. vol. viii.) to him a work entitled Altercatio cum Serapione Aegyptio; but the principles of the Arnobius who speaks in this Altercatio are strictly those of St. Augustin, and it cannot be the work of a Semipelagian. Praedestinatus
Sirmond has endeavoured to shew, that our Arnobius the Younger is the author of the work which bears the title Praedestinatus, and which has come down to us as the production of an anonymous writer; but his arguments are not satisfactory. Further Information
Du Pin, Noav. Bibl. des Aut. Eccles. 3.2, p. 219; Cave, Hist. Lit. i. p. 360, ed. Lond.; Bähr, Die Christl. Röm. Theol. p. 378. [L.S]
An African who won a high reputation as a master of rhetoric at Sicca in Numidia, in the reign of Diocletian. He was at first a heathen and an assailant of Christianity; but on becoming a Christian, to prove the sincerity of his conversion, he wrote (about A.D. 295) the extant work Adversus Gentes. This is a superficial and rhetorical defence of Christianity and attack on polytheism, but it is full of instruction with regard to the contemporary heathenism and its various worships. It is contained in seven books. The text is derived from a MS. in Paris of the ninth century, in which the work is entitled Adversus Nationes. The editio princeps is that of Sabaeus (Rome, 1543). Good editions are those of Hillebrand (Halle, 1844), and Reifferscheid (1875). Eng. trans. in the Ante-Nicene Library, vol. xix.