Cocles
Cocles, one - eyed
Frieze-Dennison Vergil
- the cognomen of a Roman, Horatius Cocles. who, in the war with Porsenna, defended a bridge alone, Liv. 2, 10, 2 sq.; Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61; id. Leg. 2, 4, 10; Verg. A. 8, 650; Plin. 34, 5, 11, § 22; 36, 15, 23, § 100 al.; Prop. 3 (4), 11, 63; Sen. Ep. 120, 7.
that is, Horatius the " one-eyed," a hero of the old Roman lays, is said to have defended the Sublician bridge along with Sp. Lartius and T. Herminius against the whole Etruscan army under Porsena, while the Romans broke down the bridge behind them. When the work was nearly finished, Horatius sent back his two companions, and withstood alone the attacks of the foe, till the crash of the falling timbers and the shouts of the Romans announced that the bridge was destroyed. Then he prayed to father Tiberinus to take him and his arms in charge, and forthwith plunged into the stream and swam across to the city in safety amid the arrows of the enemy. The state raised a statue to his honour, which was placed in the comitium, and allowed him as much land as he could plough round in one day. The citizens, too, when the famine was raging, deprived themselves of food to support him. This statue was afterwards struck by lightning, and the Etruscan haruspices, who had been consulted respecting the prodigy, envious of the glory of Rome, caused it to be placed on a lower spot, where the sun never shone upon it. But their treachery was discovered; they were put to death, and the statue was placed in a higher spot on the Vulcanal above the Comitium, which brought good fortune to the state. This story is related by A. Gellius (4.5), and explains the fact why some writers speak of the statue being in the Comitium, and others in the Vulcanal. The statue still existed in the time of Pliny (Plin. Nat. 34.5. s. 11) --an irrefragable proof of the truth of the story ! Few legends in Roman story were more celebrated than this gallant deed of Horatius, and almost all Roman writers tell us,
"How well Horatius kept the bridge In the brave days of old."
(Liv. 2.10; Dionys. A. R. 5.24, 25; V. Max. 3.2.1; Flor. 1.10; Aurel. Vict. de Vir. Ill. 11; Plut. Poplic. 16; Senec. Ep. 120, &c.)
Polybius relates (6.55) the legend differently. According to his description, Horatius defended the bridge alone, and perished in the river. Mr. Macauley observes (Lays of Ancient Rome, p. 43), with much probability, that it is likely that there were two old Roman lays about the defence of the bridge; and that, while the story which Livy has transmitted to us was preferred by the multitude, the other, which ascribed the whole glory to Horatius alone, may have been the favourite of the Horatian house. (Compare Niebuhr, i. p. 542.)
The annexed coin, which bears on it the name of Codes, was doubtless struck by some member of the Horatian house, but at what time is uncertain. The obverse represents the head of Pallas, the reverse the Dioscuri. A facsimile of this coin, with the addition of the legend Imp. Caes. Traian. Avg. Ger. Dac. P. P. Rest., that is, Imperator Caesar Trajanus Augustus Germanicus Dacicus Pater Patrice restituit, was struck in the time of Trajan.
- SCA- +oculus, one - eyed.— Esp. surname of Horatius, who, in the war with Porsenna, defended a bridge alone, L., C., V.
(given by Niebuhr as Marcus Horatius). A Roman who, at first with Sp. Lartius and Titus Herminius, and then alone, opposed the whole army of Porsenna at the head of the Sublician bridge, while his companions behind him were cutting off the communication with the other shore. When the bridge was destroyed, Cocles, after addressing a short prayer to the god of the Tiber, leaped into the stream, and swam across in safety with his arms. As a mark of gratitude, every inhabitant, while famine was raging within the city, brought him all the provisions he could stint himself of; and the State afterwards raised a statue to him and gave him as much land as he could plough round in a day (Liv.ii. 10). As Polybius relates the story, Horatius defended the bridge alone from the first and then perished in the river. Macaulay's spirited ballad on the subject is familiar to all.