sagum

săgum, i, n. (ante-class. collat. form săgus, i, m., corresp. to the Greek, Enn. and Varr. ap. Non. 223, 30 sq.; Afran. ap. Charis. p. 81 P.; fem.: sagas caerulas, Enn. ap. Charis. p. 81 P.; but it would perh. be more correct to read sagos caerulos; cf. Enn. p. 182, 54 Vahl.), = σάγος [acc. to Polybius, a Celtic word, whence the Engl. shag],

• a coarse woollen blanket or mantle (cf. laena), e. g. of servants, Cato R. R. 59; Col. 1, 8, 9; Dig. 34, 2, 23 fin.; of the Germans, Tac. G. 17; for horses, Veg. Vet. 1, 42, 4; 3, 15, 16; but most freq. of soldiers, a military cloak: valde metuo ne frigeas in hibernis ... praesertim qui sagis non abundares, Cic. Fam. 7, 10, 2; Caes. B. C. 1, 75; Liv. 10, 30 fin.: saga fibulatoria, Treb. Pol. Trig. Tyr. 10.—Hence, saga is a sign of war (as toga is a sign of peace) in the phrases:
• • • • a Saga sumere, to put on the saga, i.q. to take up arms, prepare for battle (it was the custom for all Romans to do this, in token of preparation for war, even those who were not going to the field, excepting persons of consular rank; cf. Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 32; id. Fragm. ap. Non. 538, 27): tumultum decerni, justitium edici, saga sumi dico oportere, delectum habere, etc., Cic. Phil. 5, 12, 31; 14, 1, 2; Liv. Epit. 72: terrā marique victus hostis punico Lugubre mutavit sagum, Hor. Epod. 9, 28; in sing., of an individual: tum iste (Verres) excitatus sagum sumit, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 36, § 94.—
      • b In the same signif.: ad saga ire, Cic. Phil. 14, 1, 1; cf. Vell. 2, 16, 3.—
      • c In sagis esse, to be under arms: cum est in sagis civitas, Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 32.—
      • d Saga ponere, to lay down one’s arms, Liv. Epit. 73.—
• II In gen. (eccl. Lat.), a covering.
• • • 1 A curtain, tent-cover, Vulg. Exod. 26, 7; 36, 14, etc.—
    • 2 A garment, Vulg. Judic. 3, 16.

sagum, ī, n. (Nbf. sagus, ī, m., Afran. com. 44. Enn. ann. 508. Varro sat. Men. 569) [σάγος, keltisches Wort, s. Isid. orig. 19, 24, 13], ein viereckiges, dichtes, grobes Stück wollenes Tuch, als Umwurf, kurzer Mantel (über die Schulter geworfen und an der Seite mit einer Spange befestigt), gegen die rauhe Witterung als Bedeckung der Sklaven, Cato u. Colum.: der Hirten, Plin.: des Viehes, Veget.: benutzt zum Emporschnellen (als Strafe), Suet. u. Mart. (vgl. sagatio): als Schutzwand gegen Pfeile, Veget. mil. – bes. als Tracht der Kelten (Germanen), der Plaid, Tac. – u. als Umwurf der Soldaten im Felde, der Soldatenmantel, Kriegsmantel, Caes. u.a. – dah. ist sagum Zeichen des Krieges (wie toga Zeichen des Friedens) in den Redensarten: sagum sumere (v. einem) u. saga sumere (von mehreren), sich zum Kampfe bereit halten (auch von den in der Stadt zurückbleibenden Römern, mit Ausnahme der Konsularen, bei einem nahen Kriege [in tumultu]), Cic. u.a.: so auch ad saga ire, Cic. u. Vell.: est in sagis civitas, steht unter den Waffen, Cic.: dagegen saga ponere = die Waffen ablegen, Liv. epit.

1 sagum, 1 sagus [CL = coarse woollen cloak, as worn esp. by soldiers and barbarian peoples] 1 cloak or mantle (in some quots. perh. piece of cloth used or usable as a garment; cf. et. 1c infra, w. which some quots. might also be construed); b (dist. as garment for laymen). c (as item of bedding) blanket or coverlet; d (in gl.); e (transf.). cidarim, i. quasi ~um modicum quo caput volvebatur Comm. Cant. I I 313; hic cum ‥ lenas sive ~a quibus in hospitale utebatur ‥ lavasset Bede HE IV 29 p. 278; 773 parva munuscula ‥ admisimus, id est duodecim ~os cum anulo aureo majori dono ad dotem (Alchred) Ep. Bonif. 121; 804 direxi ad sancti patris vestri Nyniga corpus ~um olosericum Alcuin Ep. 273; quidam institores de Hybernia cum variis mercibus et ~is aput civitaculam ‥ appulerunt, et expositis mercibus contigit quod ‥ presbiter ‥ furtim subduxisset ~a eorum Lib. Eli. II 32 p. 107; volens igitur huic insulse providere paginule, ne mittatur in cenum a sago [altered to fago in MS; cf. Mart. Cap. I 3. 8] Map NC IV 5 f. 47; 1401 euntibus cum vexillo patris, iiij [s.]; pro eorum ~is, iij s. iiij d. Ac. Durh. 137.  b 743 ut presbiteri vel diaconi non ~is laicorum more, sed casulis utantur ritu servorum Dei (Conc.) Ep. Bonif. 56 p. 101; 747 interdiximus servis Dei ut pompato habitu vel ~o vel armis utantur (Syn.) Bonif. Ep. 78 p. 164.  c sterne lectum meum, et meum ~um inpone super illum et sindonem et cervical et pulvinar, ut in eo dormiam in hac nocte cum quietudine Ælf. Bata 4. 12; in Letheum tandem soporem squarroso me lectisternio, utpote perrara farragine hirtisque ~is [v. l. linteolis] receptantibus, defetiscentes artus conquexi Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 1; exsiliens a lecto, nudus in ~o sicut accubuerat W. Cant. Mir. Thom. V 8; stramenta lectorum sint ista: sc. ~um unum et matra, stragule quatuor Cust. Cant. 401.  d lena, ~um GlC L 105; ~um, hwitel Ælf. Gl. 124 (cf. ib. 153); 9‥ ~um, hwitel oþþe ryft WW; hec linna, -ne, i. ~um quadrum Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 322; ~a [gl.: queute] Teaching Latin II 23; hec lodex vel ~um, vestimenta quibus homines cooperiuntur Gl. AN Ox. 318.  e ave mater et virago, / que vestisti carnis sago / vestientem lilia Walt. Wimb. Virgo 104. 2 (w. ref. to Exod. xxvi 7–13, where sagum translates the Septuagint's δέρρις; in quot. usu. w. cilicinum or sim.) sort of coarse curtain or hanging made of goat's hair; b (in fig. context; cf. et. 3b infra); c (w. ref. to hair shirt or sim. penitential garment). tegebatur [domus] ‥ undique ~is cilicinis usque ad terram pertingentibus Bede Tab. 424D; memor ‥ quia in tabernaculo Domini, ut cortinarum splendor securus sit a turbine et pluvia, ~a desuper cilicina dependeant J. Ford Serm. 4. 4; ex pilis earum [sc. caprarum] ~a fiunt et cilicia Neckam NR II 161; partes tentorii sunt iste. hoc ~um, -gi [gl.: heyre], G. saye. ~a debent esse extra tensa propter pluviam. intus debent esse cortine Garl. Comm. 234–5.  b fiant et ~a cilicina de sua materia ex pilis caprarum longiora prioribus cortinis, ut penitentium habitus in adhibita satisfactione fiat uberius R. Niger Mil. I 59; fit ‥ castrum ruina, / ex columna baculus, sagum de cortina Peckham Def. Mend. 282; hi cortinas, ~a, pellesque arietum rubricatas resarciunt, quibus ecclesie militantis tabernaculum contegatur R. Bury Phil. 8. 136.  c ne fallacis glorie trahat hunc ruina, / lineis velaverat saga cilicina / ‥ / post tam levis ponderis roseos ornatus, / mox in sage cyclade loris est arctatus Poem S. Thom. 77. 3 sort of cloth, say (in some quot. perh. w. ref. to silk; cf. ME sai, AN seie, saie, soie = ‘silk’, ME, AN saie, seie = ‘say’). b ? piece of say or sim. cloth (perh. for use as hanging or covering in hall). sarga, sarge; ~a, saie, quoniam ex sago habebant clamides GlSid f. 146va; dehinc ‥ coopertorium de viride panno vel de ~io [gl.: saye, sarge] Neckam Ut. 100; 1247 quidam pannus de ~yo Cantuar’ inventus fuit ad hostium ecclesie de Weston’ JustIt 56 r. 44; 12‥ ~a [gl.: sai, G. say] Teaching Latin II 17; quod pro liberatione xx tunicarum que ante illud tempus erant de ~a, fieret liberatio ‥ xx tunicarum de bono burneto Thorne 1904; 1464 iiij pecie de blodie ~o intenso et cemisso pro costeris pendentibus super muros capelle Ac. Durh. 639; 1509 duo panni de ~o albo cum uno le banqwer ejusdem panni Fabr. York 227.  b 1418 in virgis et wythys colligendis, j s. in ~is emptis pro aula, viij d. in stipendio ‥ pastoris ‥ x s. Doc. Robertsbr. 167. 4 ? sort of sieve or strainer for grain (cf. CL sagena) or ? sack (cf. CL saccus). item ab hoc nomine, quod est sagax, hoc ~um, -gi [v. l. gl.: i. saccus] Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 519; 1341 [a bin for flour worth 1d.; 2 troughs for dough worth 8d.; a bolting cloth] sag’ [worth 3d.; 2 great vats] cuve [worth 16d.] (IMisc 146/9) CalIMisc 1774; 1409 ix vange et tribule, cum j hake et j gavelok ferreo. item iv nova ~a pro grano, iv s. ‥ item vij virge de boutyng clathe, iii s. v d. Ac. Durh. 607; ~ium, ~eum, ~um, bolting-cloth (for refining flour) MFG s. v. sagium (ed. 1997). 5 s. dub.. c1195 omnes decimas quoque assartorum et novalium que ‥ ad cultum redacta sunt, sc. ‥ de xx acris in Wargemere, et de octo acris de sarto sagum, et de xl acris ‥ inter assartum Ricardi et vetus fossatum E. Ch. S. Paul. 218.

2 sagum [cf. ME, AN saim(e), ML sagimen], fat, grease, lard. 1346 custus bidentum: ‥ in iiij lagenis bitiminis emptis, ij s. ij d.; in ij lagenis ~i emptis ad idem, xvj d. Rec. Elton 323.

săgum, (11) ī, n. , sayon ou saie, ¶ 1 sorte de manteau des Germains : Tac. G. 17 ¶ 2 vêtement des esclaves : Cato Agr. 59 ; Col. Rust. 1, 8, 9 ¶ 3 sayon, casaque militaire [des Romains], habit de guerre : saga sumere Cic. Phil. 5, 31, prendre les armes, cf. 14, 2 ; esse in sagis Cic. Phil. 8, 32, être sous les armes ; ire ad saga Cic. Phil. 14, 1, courir aux armes ; saga ponere Liv. Per. 73, déposer les armes ; [en parl. dʼune seule pers.] sagum sumere Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 94, endosser lʼhabit de guerre ¶ 4 (gros drap, couverture : distento sago in sublime jactare Suet. Oth. 2, berner.

sagum , i. n.
粗毛戎衣。粗罩袍。Ad saga ire vel sumere saga 行軍旅。In sagis esse 在軍。

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sagum ī, n

• 1 SAC-, a coarse woollen blanket, rough mantle: tegumen omnibus (Germanis) sagum, Ta.—A military cloak: qui sagis non abundares: sinistras sagis involvunt, Cs.—Fig., as a symbol of war, a military cloak, war-dress: cum est in sagis civitas, under arms: saga sumi dico oportere: propter cuius periculum ad saga issemus, i. e. would have fought.

SAGUM

SAGUMa thick woollen cloak or plaid fastened round the neck with a brooch, was the distinctive garb of the Roman citizen in time of war. It was worn not only on the field, but was put on by the whole male population of the city on the occasion of a tumultus or other sudden alarm, the consuls alone retaining the toga (Cic. Phil. 5.1. 2, 31; 8.11-Z2, 32; 14.1-Z2, 1). Hence it is contrasted with the toga, the dress of peace, in such phrases as saga sumere, in sagis esse, and ad saga ire. As one would expect in the case of militia providing their own equipment, the sagum was in no sense a uniform, and was worn by country-folk (Plin. Nat.8.54) and slaves (Dig. 34, 2, 23.2), and was chosen by soldiers as allowing the arms full play. It is shown on countless monuments, the most important being Trajan's Column and the many grave-reliefs found on the banks of the Rhine. These show that it was put on and fastened in the same manner as the paludamentum, which was in fact the special sagum which the Imperator wore. The word sagum has, besides this, a wider and more general meaning, and is applied to the varieties of cloak known as birrus, laena, lacerna (cf. Martial (Mart. 8.58; Juven. 9.28), and abolla (cf. note in Marquardt, Privatl. p. 567). Besides this, the national dress of the Germans (Tac. Germ. 17), Gauls (Caes. B. G. 5.42), Ligurians (Strabo, 4. p. 202), and Spaniards (Val. Max., 21; Liv. 29.3, 5), which still survives in the plaid of the Scotch Highlander and the cloak of the Spaniard, not only went by the same name, but was believed by the Romans to be the original form of the garment, even the name being borrowed from the Celtic. However this may be, cloaks fastened at the neck with a pin are known all the world over; the Greek χλαμὺς being, for instance, as much akin to the sagum as the German varieties. In fact, in later Latin chlamys in ordinary use supplanted the old word. There was naturally much variety in shape, cut, and material in saga; and we know that while the Gauls preferred cloth of a check pattern ( virgatis sagulis, Verg. Acn. 8.660: cf. Tac. Hist. 2.20, 5.23-Z2), the Spaniards were fond of black (Strabo, 3. p. 155). In the late Empire the excellence of the Gallic and Spanish cloth made it popular at Rome, and we hear of saga Atrebatica and Nervica even in the fourth and fifth centuries A.D. It would further seem that sometimes the sagum was worn with a hood, and also that, as in many Gallic instances, the fibula was occasionally dispensed with (cf. Trebell. XXX. Tyr. 10).

The sagum being made for the roughest usage, was of stout stuff, and, like all cloaks which are fastened with a pin, served many other purposes, the most interesting being perhaps that of the blanket in which a person was tossed, this pastime being known as sagatio. (Marquardt, Privatleben, pp. 561-6; Becker-Göll, Gallus, 3.220; Baumeister, Denkmäler, s. vv. Toga and Waffen.)

[W.C.F.A]

Sagum

(1) A Keltic word. The military cloak of the Roman soldiers, which consisted of a fourcornered piece of cloth worn over the armour and fastened upon the shoulder by a clasp. It was a symbol of war, as the toga was a symbol of peace, so that sagati=milites, as opposed to togati, “civilians.”

(2) A saddle-cloth placed under a saddle of any sort (Veget. Vet. iii. 59, 2).